{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/bz6154gp55/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Fred Badauer-Originally On Vhs"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/184/original/ijhs2_logo.png?1629814295","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Fred Badower","Jeffrey Winter"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1985-11-19"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Starting with a brief history of his Polish family, Fred Badower talks about growing up in a big Jewish community in Lodz, Poland.  His father was a tailor and Fred became a tailor, too. Most of the interview focuses on his WWII experiences in the ghetto, labor camps, and 2 concentration camps. After the war, he went back to Poland where he found his brother and others who wanted to leave Poland. Badower shares stories of his time in Germany tailoring and working with the CIC. He briefly details how he came to America and Des Moines in 1949."]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["MPEG-4"]}},{"label":{"en":["Keyword"]},"value":{"en":["Family History","Family Life","Antisemitism","Fred Badower","Forced Marches","Immigrants - Polish","Weightlifer","Education","Hebrew School","Dachau Concentration Camp","Jewish Federation","Jewish Businesses","Torture","Concentration Camps","Tailor","Munich Germany","Auschwitz Concentration Camp","Des Moines Iowa","Lodz Poland"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["TheirStory"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Starting with a brief history of his Polish family, Fred Badower talks about growing up in a big Jewish community in Lodz, Poland.  His father was a tailor and Fred became a tailor, too. Most of the interview focuses on his WWII experiences in the ghetto, labor camps, and 2 concentration camps. After the war, he went back to Poland where he found his brother and others who wanted to leave Poland. Badower shares stories of his time in Germany tailoring and working with the CIC. He briefly details how he came to America and Des Moines in 1949."]},"provider":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa Jewish Historical Society"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa Jewish Historical Society"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/184/original/ijhs2_logo.png?1629814295","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/298/000/small/open-uri20251201-428871-7nz9sv_1764604511.jpg?1764604512","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - open-uri20251201-428871-7nz9sv.mp4"]},"duration":4648.3437,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/298/000/small/open-uri20251201-428871-7nz9sv_1764604511.jpg?1764604512","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-jewishdesmoines.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/298/000/original/open-uri20251201-428871-7nz9sv.mp4?1764604508","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4648.3437,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["TheirStory Transcript (Paragraphs with Speakers) [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e Please tell us your name and. Date","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=31.34,33.68"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e of birth. I'm Fred Vadala. I was born in January the 4th, 1909. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=33.68,40.82"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e where were you born? Poland. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=40.82,44.24"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e city? Large. Can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=44.24,48.56"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e you tell us about your family? Your brothers and sisters and parents? Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=48.56,53.36"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e We had nine children in our home, And my father had two grandchildren. And they were a big family. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=53.36,69.32"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e many? What did your parents do? My","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=69.32,72.5"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e father was a tailor, a big tailor in the city. He had 22 tailors working for him. Just handmade clothes and included me. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=72.5,85.88"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e what did your brothers and sisters do? The.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=85.88,89.54"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e The sisters. I was the only tailor. And, uh. And one brother was a tailor. Gedaliah. You know, he was a tailor, too. And the rest of them, they didn't want to be tailors, businessmen, businessmen. And the sisters naturally went to school and graduated from school. In the help book work and home. You know, all kinds of work. Everybody was busy. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=90.5,126.86"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e what kind of school did you go to? I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=127.88,130.61"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e go, I went to school, to a regular school. The public school? Public school. Later until 3:00, I believe. 3:00. We went to read to Hebrew school. And in between time we had school, German, German school. We had to learn and, you know, German language. When the the First World War, when the Germans occupied Poland, they had to go learn German, too. And, uh, later, after the war, when my father needed lots of help and there was no tailors there, It ought to tell us, didn't come back or didn't want to be any talus anymore. And I had to go to school. I was privileged to go to school from early in the morning from eight till noontime in noontime. I had to go home and help my father. My father tried to teach me to be a tailor, you know. That's where I got involved. To be a tailor. And on and on. He had more tailors, and I already was with my father. How many days a week did you go to, father? Oh, about every. Every day of the week. Yeah. And my father taught. He got to make me, you know, and I want to be a tzaddik. Like I'm not a tzadik. Was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=130.639,229.94"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e your family religious? I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=229.94,232.19"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e wouldn't say my father was a religious man, but not fanatic. Or like we are Jews here in the synagogue. You know, he was religious. He used to go every Monday to the shoe. The shoe was across, synagogue was across, you know, and across the street. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=232.19,253.25"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e you what was the Jewish community like in Lodz? Oh,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=253.25,258.44"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e it was a big, big community, a big community. Large was a big, big city. You know, it was the biggest industrial city in whole Europe. The Russians used to come there and buy. And Germany used to buy there. They used to buy lots of. There was so many manufacturers, German manufacturers, Jewish manufacturers. Okay. Industries. They had Poland. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=258.56,289.37"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e you hear much anti-Semitism when you were growing up? Yes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=289.37,292.61"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e indeed it was. Why? The most Polish people were not educated people the most. We had a few educated people because when they went to church, the church. The priest was speaking in a I call this in this Latin. And the people didn't understand their books, but they got the Bible. They didn't have any their own language. See, that's why they so much hate. They said the Jews were Christ killers. And I had lots of debates with him. It's not the truth. A this would be against the Jewish law. Jews are not killers, or shall not kill and shall not kill. You have ten commandments. We give it to you the Ten commandments to give your God. And you still hate us. Why? Because you killed Jesus. We are not killers. The Romans killed him. They didn't know what to answer. In fact, they didn't believe that Jesus was Jewish. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=292.61,374.06"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e the anti-Semitism get worse in the later 1930s? Because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=374.06,379.34"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e in a nutshell, they want to prove the Germans that they hate the Jews, too. That's what's the trouble. Sometimes, you know, we want the ghetto, the ghettos. The ghetto was fenced in. And somebody tried to get out, you know, in secret. And I saw him. He said to her, gentlemen, he is a UDI, you know. He is a Jew. What did they think he did with this Jew? They killed him. Lots","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=379.79,408.97"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e of this was before the Germans took over. Oh,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=409.06,412.48"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e no. This was already when the Germans were there. Before the before the Germans came in. It was not ghetto. The people were just old people. Like other people. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=412.48,421.39"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e before the Germans came in, did you feel strong anti-Semitism? Yes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=421.39,425.53"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e we did. We did not all of them. Not not. But the better people, the better educated people did not. Now the people didn't understand whatever the priest told them. And he brought this anti-Semitism. I don't know why. And I had lots of discussions with him. And I had one man. He got mad at me because he said, you are my friend, he said. And why? They all hate the Jewish people. And they said, you know, if not As you wouldn't have a God. Jesus was Jewish, so don't you dare to say a word like that, she said. Jesus was Jewish. He was our God. He was Jewish. If you want to know, ask your priest. And he went in and he asked the priest. A Jewish person told me that Jesus was a Jewish man. He was learned in the in the synagogue there, you know, in Jerusalem. And he said in the priest started to tell him a different story, and he got mad at him. You tell me the truth. It says, yes, he was a Jewish man, but he was a good Jewish man. Even here in the United States, when I was working in a place here by the Italian tailors, the same discussion came out one time. And I said to him, The Jewish people give you our God and they give you ten commandments. If not the Jewish people, you even have a god. And they say the Jewish people killed Jesus. They did. You read the Bible? The Bible, and you find out the Romans killed him. You you are a Roman Catholic. You killed him. Why did you fight after the crucifixion? Why did you? After the crucifixion? Why did you, uh, 200 years later, you find. You find Jesus as your god. How about before? Before he died. Why didn't you find him as a god? I had lots of discussions, and the answer was here. Even in the United States. He was a good Jew and says, I am not a good Jew. You look at me. Am I a bad Jew or get you? He says he kept his mouth shut and never talked about it? I was taken to the Polish Army because I was a heavy man. I was not fat. I was £180. And when I came in there to go through the procedure for being, you know, 18 years, you know, I had to go there. And they weigh me and they look at me and they look at the scale. They said, what's wrong? Get off of this. Off the scale. You know, they have the other scales, you know, but they have to put weights on the scale. You remember? I don't know if you do or not. And I went up and they say it doesn't work. And I went down. They keep putting in weights. Weights. Weights. And I went off and they said that place and go on. And she said to me, where have you got your weight? I was a weightlifter and I started when I was 14 years old. The youth in my age has to be had to be taught how to have a little muscles to defend themselves. And I had it. I started when I was 14 years old, till when I was 18, 19. I weight lift 100, £250. So did they take you into the army? Yes. They took me to the artillery. Heavy artillery, you know. So what years were you in the Polish Army? It was not because I got. It was. This year was so many in my age. And they have a certain amount to take in the army. And I got a book in case of war. I have to go to this and this. That's 18. Division. You know, wherever they have signed, they got it in before. When the war started, we had to listen to the radio. If you call or not. They didn't even have a chance to call over the radio. All were supposed to be in the army should go to Warsaw. And we went to Warsaw. Who could get into Warsaw? We went on the highways and walked. The whole city of Lodz was no army, no police, nothing. Everything disappeared. This was what year? 1939? Yeah. When the war broke out, that was the. Year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=425.53,741.79"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e you would have been in the Army. Yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=741.79,743.68"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e I was supposed to be there, but we couldn't get there. So what did you do? We have to turn. Turn back home and see what happened. The Polish army. Don't let us in! Go back, go back, go back! And we went back. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=743.71,763.03"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e was your first encounter with the war or with the Nazis? From","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=763.03,768.91"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e the beginning, you know. They know my father. They know me. The NASCAR car was in the yellow uniforms. They used to bring in so much work for us to do it. You know, the high ranking officers used to come to my father. Do you want him to be the eldest of the Yuri Yudin? My father says I'm too old. I don't want to do this kind of stuff anymore. He left. And that's where they got the surname Koski. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=768.91,805.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e they asked your father. So they were trying to establish a union, right? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=805.0,809.59"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e They tried to establish a shop just for tailors. A factory just for tailors. And they want my father there, but he don't know when to be a leader. Later, the event, which took us all out from the lodge, from the city to a special place, which was very old, like here, very low, low part of the city, you know, they they took the pollacks out and put us in and vice versa. They took the give the palace our homes. And there there was a big hospital. They took this hospital for a shop, a factory for tailors. They used to make their uniform. And I and I used to be the the top machinist for uniforms. The uniforms came already cut and I just put in A sleeves, collar top things. You know in the Germans used to come and check their clothes. They used to put the foot on it and pull the sleeve. If the sleeve doesn't come out, you know, they had a late day. They didn't have any material anymore or they didn't need it anymore. Uniforms to give us civilian clothes. Civilian clothes. We had to cut ourselves. And I used to cut the clothes. We had 70 tailors in a group, and I used to cut the clothes. And across the table was two tables. And the other men had to cut the lining, you know. That's where we used to work all the time. And we had to cut with a knife. You can imagine. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=809.62,921.1"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e you were taken to this, to this other area of lodge. And this is what became the lodge ghetto. Yeah. And were you at all involved with the Udara there? No,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=921.1,932.62"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e not at all. Not at all. They just had a boss who was working at a soup where he works, and I sliced bread. That was for 24 hours. And I worked hard, I can assure you. And, uh. And I have a son. I had a child. The child was born, let's see, about two years before the war. I married when I was 27. 29 when I was 29. The war broke out and the boy was there about, let's see, about four years, four and a half years in the ghetto. Later, it was Hitler. Hitler. You know the big deal. As the Germans say, you don't have any food for the children. We're going to take the children and take the older people. We're going to take the kids to a certain place after the war. You're going to get the kids back if you like it or not. We had to go and they came. And each street, the trucks load up. The older people and each child give to an older person. You, you you have to take the kids. You have to. You're responsible that all the men is for that child. We were naive. We didn't know any any Auschwitz. We didn't know any gas chambers. We didn't know that the burned people after the gassing. We didn't know nothing about it because the ghetto was fenced in with electric wires. Who comes close to it was dead. Lots of people commit suicide. If you came before the wires about eight feet, they have a right to shoot you. And lots of them came even closer just to be shot. And every morning we found lots of them. They had to take dead bodies away. But what was your wife's name? Uh, Luba. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=932.65,1072.06"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_UU:\u003c/strong\u003e how many children did you have? One, son. Yeah. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1072.06,1077.31"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e the ghetto, you know. And he was born two years before the war. And they took away 1200 kids in one day. Later, we found out where the kids went. They had tracks. The tracks was closed, and the gas from the tracks went tuned in back today. And when they came out of town was their graves. Yeah. We did not know nothing about it. Later we find out the Jewish police told us what happened. But the Jewish police had to go under the beds looking. If somebody doesn't hide a child. Could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1077.31,1120.27"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e you talk a little bit about the Judenrat in Lodz? It's very well known one. And tell us a little bit. Yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1120.27,1126.3"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e the United Nations. Do you have a good life nutshell? Whatever. Food camp. They were the first one. They never were hungry. They couldn't understand that we don't have enough food. A soup, a soup or potato soup. One time. And that's all what you get for 24 hours and a slice of bread and whatever was the cut, you know, from cloth like I was. They want to give us a little bit sugar. Let's say if everybody gets we take it If we just alone. We don't want it. We didn't got it. We did not want it. And I, I made myself a name. I used to help people in the ghetto. We had. We had a lutenant a gentleman. Lieutenant. Lieutenant. He knows us before we went to the ghetto. And he had this. I call this on the forehead. Scarlet. No, Scarlet. You know Totenkopf. You know, a dead head, you know. With","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1126.33,1204.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e the skull and. Yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1204.78,1206.4"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e yeah. Totenkopf. They say. And they they said, don't look at this. Here. This was, you know, this is something else. He said he had feelings for people. And then we're natural. Born and raised in the ghetto. He knocked in the night. Nobody could get in in the ghetto. The watchman didn't let them in. And he said to the watchman, stay in. Azad said. He says. And he. And he standing aside. And he knocked on the door. And he said to my father, Schneider, ich muss nach Frankreich gehen. You know, I have to go to France because France fall. And he he used to be the, the big deal, the big deal over there. I call this post office, you know. And he said my father should give him a something should remember us. My father said, look here, you don't have nothing. If you see anything, take it. And she said, no, you know, give me something that I remember you. And my father gave him a homage. You know what a homage is? The five books of Moses. And he looked in and he says, yeah, Schneider was the fifth sign. Do you understand this? Taylor. Must be five books of Moses. Do you understand? How does he know about this? My father gave him all five. He said no, this is too much. We all have to sign our names in the book. And that's where he left. He left an address. He was from Berlin. So many years. I still remember his name. Lieutenant Brogan, he says if you survive, any of you look me up and I'll see to it that you have everything back. I never I never went and I don't want any anything from anybody. When","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1206.58,1342.77"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e you were in the ghetto, some people became capos. Oh,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1342.77,1347.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e yes. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1347.0,1347.72"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e did they become capos? And what were your. What were your feelings? And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1347.72,1350.24"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e the ghetto was. No capos in the concentration camps was capos, underworld, even Jewish voice. For capos in Jewish men. But some of them capos. The most couples were Polacks or Lithuanians, just murderers. We came to Auschwitz. What do you think Auschwitz was? We were just naive. When I came in, I said, what's this? A chimney runs. What kind of factory is this? You know, a chimney goes the whole day and night. They say you're going to be there, too. This is a gas chamber. And Injustice to all the burden men. The burden men. Yeah. Are you going to be there, too? I was lucky I was there three days in Auschwitz. The three days was just a horror, you know? Hell on earth. You know what? This is hell on earth. There was Auschwitz. They hit you over the head when you walk. They hit you over the head when you sit down. While you're sitting, you couldn't talk to anybody beside you couldn't talk. It's just a horror. I never saw nothing like it. Just a, you know, drag you down, you know? And I was lucky. My brother, they took him away three days before me. They took him out and they sent him to a coal mine. To Poland. For Auschwitz was Poland, too. They sent him back to deep Poland, where the coal mines was. This brother was here two weeks ago. This then and and he said he came and said I have to go right away. I have to be there. And he hugged me. He goes by and I was two days. No, not another day. Day. Because him we make a number, you know, tattoo him. You know they came to us. It looks like the Russians came a little closer already to Poland. And they were afraid they wouldn't have any slaves. The whole youth, the German youths went on the front line and they took us as slaves. 3500. They put us, pushed us in into a cattle train. And as you give us a piece of bread and who was standing could never sit down, and who sit down, never could get up, because it was so tight. Lots are often died. I don't remember how many days by train from Auschwitz to to Kaufering. And Kaufering. They kept us for about a week to give us a little bit more food to, you know, we should they build us up a little bit and from there they took us to Dachau. Then we came to Dachau. We didn't know where we going. We came to Dachau. Arbeit macht frei. You know, the work frees you from life. They work you to death? Dachau was a torture chamber. And then we came in. The first was 150 Polish people under struck. You can imagine. Squeezed in. They came and visited Dachau and they said, this is the end of our life. And there was a report that, uh, we needed about 150 or 300 slaves in Dachau. DACA had 11 divisions, as I told you, and we were in the 10th Division. It took us to Utica, mass. There we worked. Before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1350.24,1612.29"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e We continue with with your experiences in Dachau, I wanted to ask you, how was it when you were in the ghetto? How were you deported? What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1612.29,1622.88"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e were the steps that were taken? Because it did didn't have any material, and the Russians used to push him back. He was afraid the Russians were going to get us. That's when they took us out from the ghetto. They liquidate the ghetto and took the old people to Auschwitz. From Auschwitz. We were there a few days. They sent us to Dhaka. Dhaka? They needed 150 people. When we came first, if we came in to the 10th Division, this was a lager. This was camp just for slaves. You know, they used us as slaves. They dig foundations for factories and they dig. We had to carry the big heavy beams. I don't know how many men used to drag us to the ground, you know. And there were sticks behind you. They hit you over the head, slept, you know. Arbeiten to work. Work? They elevated, you know, and he'd never let us in inside. It could be 20 below. He had a little a little cotton jacket. No underwear, no shoes. Wooden shoes. How can you survive with a little cotton jacket and cotton pants? No underwear. They don't have to push us to work. We work hard not to freeze to death. Divisions were what sometimes was in a group of 15 or 20 people. And each one has a watchman to watch us. And we looked at the other side. We saw just a steam. We couldn't see any people. That's all were wet. We were working. Later we stopped working. They took us home. This was stiff. Just frozen on us. We're still alive. The devil then took us. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1622.88,1750.05"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_UU:\u003c/strong\u003e what would happen when you come back from a day of work? We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1750.05,1753.05"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e had. Our camp was in the ground and there was a roof. That's all. What you see a roof like this. We had to walk down six steps. Each one of us has three centimetres. Just like this. You could not lay on your back. You have to lay aside the partitions and a little bit of straw on it. And that's where you were laying. The steam from us in the winter time, you know, was dripping from the roof, from the wooden roof on us. What do you breathe from, from the from the, you know, from breathing in the cold, you know, in drops of water dropped down on your head. Boom, boom. From the beginning, you had a hard time to sleep. Later he got used to it and didn't bother you anymore. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1753.05,1806.9"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e long did they let you sleep? Till","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1806.9,1809.57"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e 4:00 in the morning. 4:00 in the morning to wake us up by a a signal alarm, you know. And we had to be on the minute dressed. It was standing. Can be cold as cold can be. And appeal failed. You have to count us. How many we are. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1809.6,1841.22"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e if somebody wasn't there? It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1841.22,1843.47"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e just didn't happen, so far as I know. You cannot disappear. How can you go? There is a watchman in every corner with light. You cannot in the think, in the wires are electric, you cannot disappear. You only ate at noontime. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1843.47,1865.58"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e only gave you food at noontime. At","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1865.58,1866.84"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e noontime? Yeah. Just noontime. In the morning they give us a piece. Sliced bread. In noontime, a soup. That's. They work hard. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1866.84,1877.52"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e this at night time? Nothing. Nothing. Water,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1877.52,1882.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e water. You can go out and get it. You know, it was water running when. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1882.83,1887.75"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e got up in the morning. Did they have you stand. Stand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1887.75,1890.39"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e stand from two till four hours. We were standing in uphill plots. Checking and checking and checking. They have so many of us. 500. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1890.42,1902.63"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e just had to stand for four hours. Yeah. And what if you moved? Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1902.63,1906.95"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e You better not move. Your head would be split in two cops. You got plenty there with sticks. With","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1907.07,1915.95"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e the Jewish kapos. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1915.95,1918.65"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e have one mamzer bastard. We used to call him, you know, and we had the rest of our, uh, we have, uh, from Lithuania. Lots of couples polacks were there. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1918.65,1936.2"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e they have guard dogs. Or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1936.2,1939.53"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e was that only at night? No. They had, you know, when they have when they came for inspection. There were lots of dogs. I was there I visited one thing in the first time when I came. It was a Saturday. They brought a man. Into the. Just to show what the what they do. The hand behind tied up his back. They knocked him on the floor and they tied him up. And they hanged him by his feet. Doctors. German doctors were watching on the watch how long it's going to take him to die. After. After he was dead, they checked him. Yeah, they just thought he's dead. And they wrote it down. How much? How long? It takes a man when he hangs by his feet. How long it takes him to die. You just want to irritate us all the time. And, uh. And I saw one time they brought a woman. You know, and he says, tell her she should take off her clothes. She didn't want it. And he went there and tear off the clothes, and she spit on him. What was the end? They beat her to death. Just a show. And you don't dare a peep. One sister. Don't move, don't move! There was machine guns and all sides. If one moves, we all will be dead. Take a look at me. I'm a short man. When I came to Auschwitz in a Sunday. This was the first Sunday. Viola! Straight ahead here. Full. The young SS came in. They have a little fun. What did I know? The short fellas have to stay in the front. And the taller and taller. The men in the back. And I was then. This was my first Sunday. A whole bunch of SS in two came in. They grabbed me and pulled me out. And I said, oh, I'm through. They used me as a punching bag. I didn't even want to tell this? I just told this one to the synagogue. You used me as a punching bag. One on their side and one on their side. I don't know how long it took. I didn't feel any punches. I of course I was ice cold. Like somebody with glue me to the floor. They couldn't knock me down. I don't know how long. One pulled out a gun and he let me have it. Here. See here. Broken bone here. Can you see it? And this was bleeding. Who would. Who would pay attention to me? Everybody was afraid to come close to me. And finally they left. There was an assessment. An older gentleman. He said to me, you so-and-so, didn't you know this? They want to show they are strong. Why didn't you drop on the floor? I wasn't there this time. She didn't pull any punches. But this I felt was bleeding. And somebody came at a piece of paper in secret and wiped it off. And there was a two days later there was a doctor from Vienna. And he looked at me. Yeah, I saw it. What you did to you? I thought you were going to kill you. And he says to me, you know, and I had an infection. See, from here it went like this up till here. Not sure who's going to help me if they cut it off or they would help it, but we already didn't care. We know we are not going to live too long there anyway. We had to walk naked. A whole line with her arms. Here it was swollen. We had to walk naked like this, which they checked. If somebody has sore spots under their arms, they took them out and send them to gas chamber. You know, I don't know what some sickness. I don't know what they were looking for. I don't know how many I call this checks the head. And if you have this to see in each time and everybody after two days they didn't see this. If I have my hands like this, how could you see it? And I went through this was in which camp? This was still Auschwitz. That's the first day, the second day of Auschwitz. Saturday I came in and later they took us to Dachau and Dachau in the 10th Division. I was working very hard, natural. It was swollen here like this. They don't pay any attention. If you die, they bury you, throw you in the dirt. And I didn't pay attention. I had to work hard from the sun that broke open. Just dig and dig and dig. And broke open and ran out. Yeah. The doctor from Vienna would tell me the time honored as having lived three months. Who cares if you know me? I wouldn't live anyway. Couldn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1939.53,2288.15"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e you be treated in a hospital in Dhaka? Dhaka?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=2288.15,2291.39"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e A hospital? What are you talking about? Dhaka was gas chambers. Organs to burn the people. Dhaka was not the actual place. It took. It took me to that day when I worked. You know, slaves just run out. And the other thing over this striped clothing, what we have. And, uh. And I didn't pay any attention to it. Another 2 or 3 months, the whole thing healed up. You see, nature cured me. And let me tell you something about this. The doctor. After the war, I was walking in Munich and a man walked through me and he shakes his head like this. He went farther. Later he turned around. He came to me. Are you this man? But he used as a punching bag. You had trouble with this? I said yes. He couldn't believe it's a miracle. He stopped to make so much noise. In the city of Munich, hundreds of people came around and he had to tell them the story. This is a miracle. It's a miracle. It cannot happen. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=2291.42,2368.79"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e you ever find out the name of the person who shot you? Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=2368.79,2372.42"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e you know the name of the guard? It's not the guard. That's the SS. It was the guard. SS, a whole bunch of them. You know, drunk. Maybe they came out, you know, not drunk. They used me as a punching bag. Was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=2372.42,2390.42"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e there any opportunity to make some kind of plan to escape? Was there ever a plan to escape. That,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=2390.42,2396.93"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e you know, used to escape because you are in deep Germany. Wherever you go, any German forgive you. Away. Are you there? You know it's a. Jew,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=2396.93,2410.64"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e so it wouldn't do you any good to get out. No. Absolutely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=2410.82,2413.46"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e not. Stop us! If they catch you, they finish you up right there. You didn't make any deal about it, but there was an order from the. Let's have the last few months, 2 or 3 months ahead was an order from Hitler not to leave a single witness alive. You know what this means. And they used to take from this camp and just take him, you know, walk, walk. They came in and cleared us up. This was in 1945, I believe. Yeah, 1945. They came in. And they said we all should be ready. And they took us out from camp ten back to Dachau. Dachau did give us clothing, new clothing, because they have to take us through cities that we don't look, you know, so dirty. We walked three days and three nights from Dachau without food, without water. Didn't know where they dared to go. Young people were not there anymore. Because, you know, if somebody collapsed, You couldn't let them lay. Maybe he would regain consciousness. They had to shoot him. You see what Hitler said? Not to leave a single witness alive. But we were six. We hold us up. We were six in a line like this. Walking. They walked through in the daytime. They didn't let us walk through the city where people lived. The people don't see it the most. From early in the morning and in the night. The whole night we were walking. We walked about 70km. No food, no water. We were not any hungry in the morning. They say we're going to get food. No time, no time, they say in the night. And they went on and on. We were not any hungry. The stomach was just glued together like this. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=2413.46,2549.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e did you survive that? Night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=2549.0,2552.48"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e I told them here. I was speaking one time to the synagogue. And how did I survive? I said, I don't know. You don't know? Who knows, I don't know. I just this alone, I shouldn't survive. And I used to tell him, believe me, in this time, I could take these two gentlemen's under each arm, run and crash him to death. That's a strong man. Okay. We were walking, as I told you, you know, day and night without food. And finally they came to our place with the chauffeur into a hay stall. And we just close the door, and they let us in. We were glad just to just lay down and but. And this was already practically to the end. We were afraid to open the door and take a look outside. What's going on? Because they always were sneaky. Always in the side with a gun. Boom! We didn't let anybody because us in a stove. Hey, they have to have separation. They see so much, each piece would hit a separation. You know, the air can go in. If not, the hey wouldn't be good if you could look outside. And the one they used to say. We don't see any the Germans, they have guns, but don't trust. Maybe it's. They're tricky. You know, you're watching and you see a tank is coming. A tank is coming. You should be careful. It can be a German tank. Don't. Don't get too anxious. You lived through five years of war. Don't get too To anxious because you can you can lose your life right now. And then the tank started to come closer. I said, it's a an American tank. How do you know it's an American tank? Can you explain how the American tank, you know, like David Stern, you know, but in a different way. They say, wait. When the tank came very close, they said, yes, it is an American. We open the door. The tank just came down and says, you're free. Go do what you want. We can walk. Do what you want. They cannot even walk. Three days and three nights. No water, no food. As much as we got to throw on us the cans with food, we didn't have anything to open the cans but the food. And what are you going to eat? We had a few cans in our hands. We're not hungry anymore because the stomach was glued together like this. And we went into we in the in the camp. We saved the water so we can turn over the Germans with the dirt. Go! First we saw two women. They looked at us. We were looking for food. Two women, they say, where are you? They told me you are in Dakar. Why are you in Dakar? Because you are Jewish. Jewish. The fear and the. The fear of Hitler. Hat gesagt. You know, he said there's the old Jewish people he sent to Palestine. You can imagine if he went further. We came into our home. It was two women go hit anybody. We were just happy to to just drop in some place or have something. Food. That's all what they have. Poor people, you know, the rich ones run away. They open doors. It was everything under the sun in the house. Who cares for us? Who cares for clothing, who needed? We needed food in the rest. The two women give us milk and rice to wash. They asked us to wash. It washes our face. We washed our face in our hands. My golly. She said you look like human beings. The same story. Where do you come? Just tell them the same story. Poor people. They have a piece of bread. They want to give us. That's all. What you have? No, we do not want it. They are poor people. You know. One less piece. Bread. We're going to find bread. Finally, we came to the American kitchen. You know where they feed the soldiers. And I didn't let them eat. I said so many died after the war from overeating. Just a stomach burst in the diarrhea and they were laying dead. So many of them on the street. And I remember very well my mother used to talk to us. After a fast. Just a little bit. And I said, one spoon at a time. And I went and I went to give us. We took over our, you know, from a big place like this, you know. And we had right away we had to give us some dishes, you know. We went to the kitchen to get it for six people. We still stick together and we have food. And I didn't let him one spoon a day more, that's all. And I remember my mother used to say to digest your food, you got to have a lot wine in Germany. A lot wine. It helps to digest your food when you're going to get it. It said, let's go in. If it's an SS Kaserne, a hospital. Red wine, red wine. I don't know what kind. Yeah. And I went in and I took one. A friend of mine, he was a tailor, too, and say, came you with me. I was so all bruised up, you know, in the air, you know. And I went in. Went through the hospital. They was laying soldiers, wounded soldiers, black people. I said, what are the black people doing here? The Germans were fighting, not the black people. They they took him from some black country. Went with the Germans. I didn't know this. Anyway. They say a lady who needed you. We don't want her. They were scared. They covered themselves, you know. And I went in straight where the kitchen is. And there I found a bottle. I don't know how many gallons from the floor. So high. I don't know how many gallons. And I took this. And a friend of mine said, how are you going to get out? I said, let somebody stop me. If somebody stopped me, he was going to get the whole bottle in his face. Nobody bothered me. They were afraid. Be honest with you. You were afraid. It took the battle. Everyone was going to get every time after they eat a little glass like this. We all survived. Later I got acquainted with this. She saw me. I was like that. Huh? And there was like this, you know. They ask questions and they say, I see what this intelligent army. Luckily they were there and they ask questions, you know, and where we were and what we did. And we ask, how much did you weigh before the war? I said, £180. They laugh at me. £180. It took us scale. You know, when you go, step on it. I weighed £70. I lost £110. Would you believe it? Hundred and £10. You couldn't believe it. And each time they saw me. Did you gain a little bit? What did you do before the war? I tell them I was a tailor. Good, good, they say. I say good. I don't have anything. They give me a card to the German government. I my trailer and I needed location. And I came to the German state, to the German government and I told him, showed him this in the CIC. They signed my telly and I needed a room and they opened a book and they say, you check there are all SS people. And I said, I don't know, one from another. They find one. They say, here, take a ticket, you glue on on this ticket on the door and knock at the door and show them this room especially, I mean, this whole apartment. I don't know how many rooms I had there. This is taken. The Jewish people don't throw anybody out. You could, because you did it to us. And he didn't like it too well. He had no choice. He went and knocked on the door and assured him that this whole apartment and how many rooms there were at a tailor shop. It had so many bedrooms, and in this way people saw me in the street. They said, oh, you're alive. I need the clothes. I need the shirt you have to bring. Material. A needle in a thimble. Thread. Everything had to bring. Because right after the liberation, lots of people they had to send, they send me, go to the camp. And I said I had camp for five years, and I don't want anymore. I registered by the police and I got stamps. And I don't want any. And I went into a people that used to belong to the Nazi organization. They had to give us a room. We were three. We got our three rooms. Each one had a room and they give us in the night a pajama. I never touched it. And the lady asked me a couple. No children. And, uh. And I didn't want it to ask me for room in the slave, you know, sleeping room, a sleeping outfit. They say it's not mine. It's not mine. You know I don't want it. Nothing. Hope, you know. In the morning, they took a bucket and go out to the kitchen and got food. They couldn't eat so much. We gave it to them. What had happened to your wife? My wife died in Bergen-Belsen two weeks before the liberation. How do I know the people that know her and know me. They came because this was a women, a women's camp. They came and told me my wife died two weeks before the liberation. Yeah. No, a lot of them died. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=2552.75,3269.41"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e did you what did you do then? After working in the tailor shop? What were the events that brought you to America? Yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=3269.41,3276.85"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e because, you know, I got acquainted with this. This is not SS. So you say. Yes, the CIO, this intelligent, the intelligent army locally CIO was on the border. And what locally around the cities. You know, they were still looking for Germans, you know. Where were you at this time? In Munich. In Munich? I was in Munich. Yeah. And through the CIC, I had this apartment. But naturally, they had to check. They said This house. This house that I occupied wouldn't be good, because men alone are not good. You've got to have a woman to clean. And by these people that I used to stay there, you know, after the liberation. I have an apartment, not an apartment, a room, you know. And that place was taken by Eisenhower. The whole section. And these people were there, too. And they came to me. I should help them. I said, yes, you helped me and I helped you to day. I went into this administrative and this whole big apartment and said I needed an apartment for somebody. He said they looked in the books. He had a kind of an apartment, you know that you have an apartment. I said, yeah, then I take yours. He looked at me. He looked at me. see. Wait a minute and open the book. Oh, yeah. At this time, he already had one. If he wouldn't give him, I would take his. Honestly, I was there so bad that the whole world, you know. I didn't hurt anybody because I didn't have guts to hit anybody. In there. He got into the apartment. Later he came in. Her husband said he was going to make me a table so I can cut clothes. And she brought me in a lady's machine, and I laid this iron. That's how I started it. And later she worked for us. She cooked for. For me. My brother, my sister and I had tailors. They had to be fed at six tailors working. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=3276.88,3423.49"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e did you find your brother and your sister? Because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=3423.49,3426.37"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e through the same story, through to the CIC. I had. I talked to them. You know, he asked me. Same story as you. How many brothers and sisters? And I told him, you know, I don't know where to look for him. He said, you know what I bring you talk to the captain. He said he can give you a permit to go in. All for alliance, you know. And I got a permit in my friend, too. We went to Poland. It didn't cost us. The train didn't cost us. Nothing cost us. We came to Poland. They gave them. They gave us 100 zlotys. That's me. $100, 100 zloty bill. You know that. We can help us, you know. We took it. We didn't need it from them. He eventually came to lodge to the Federation. He asked where the Federation is, and they told us they were sorry that the Russians there The pollock start to control us. Check us what we have, you know. And the Russians took you. You see, they just came from a company you were going to check in. You want to show they are good. You know, they kicked the pollocks away. Polish police let them go. They didn't bother us because we brought a few things, you know, and. Maybe we can help ourselves, you know. And I went into the Federation to see if the. Russian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=3426.4,3516.79"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e soldiers helped. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=3516.79,3517.84"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e know, they helped me. Does the production take away whatever we have? And we went, do you want do you want to show they are good people? Honestly, some of them are. They know the people are not bad, the Russians. But the government smells from the ocean, you know. But let me tell you something. We came into the to the Federation. He asked me, where did you come from? Germany. I think you are crazy. Why did you come from Germany? The product is going to kill you here. You say you're going to ask for your things. You know where you left in the house. They say okay, stay overnight here. And the night you will disappear in hundreds of them disappeared. They raided the Federation raid, you know. Three days I was there and I found my brother. And I want to take it with him. When I came to the Federation to say goodbye, there was 12 people waiting for us. For me and my friend. We should take him with us. They say we have a permit. How are we going to take you? It's impossible. We don't care. One says I have. My wife is still alive. She is in Bergen-Belsen. One is in Feldafing and almost there. You know. Men and women. You know I talked to my friend. I don't know what to do. He says, you know what? We can. I told him, you know, I was the oldest one when all of them from the friends. And I said, if you're going to go or you solve it, maybe we should stop. Okay. Now, the CIC used to come and check me. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=3517.96,3624.45"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e This is still the story about bringing your friend back into Germany. Oh,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=3624.45,3628.74"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e yeah. This is my friend. Oh. Oh, yeah. We went. No, we went to the to the border from Poland to Czechoslovakia. And I was dressed like a German because the Germans said the Jewish people. All black hair. And they asked me a few times. Are you Jewish? I say yes. How come you got red hair? I don't know. My father had red hair too. two. That's the truth. Anyway, I went to the. We went to the Czech border. And how how can we get across from Poland to Czechoslovakia? And we had to go into the Polish government. And I says, and I said to them, you come in there. And I said to them, you know, we are German Jews. And we weren't just in this camp in Poland. Yes, in German, you know, I couldn't tell him a Polish. If not, I would say you speak Polish, you must be a Polak. It isn't Deutsch Juden. We gain a house, you know. And one of them I speak German. The some Polack. And the other one said. How do we know they are Polish people? German Jews. The other said I can find out right away. Let them bring the name of all the people. And he explained me the ungodly. The interpreter says, yea, they must know all the namin from all year round. So you know the winter home. I said, so where do I get German names? I know I have an uncle, Janko Verner. He had a cousin in Germany, a Janko Verner too. And later I had my mother. My mother's name. Even her father had my mother's name. My mother's father was a rabbi in a town. And? And I had a friend. Feiertag. And everybody had to bring. Give me a German name and make a list. And I took it in the next day, and I gave it to them. The guys read the names and they are according in Polish, according to their names, they are German Jews and one set. Who? Why should we care? Let them do what you want. The other side. Who wants Jews? The German Jews here. Even Polish Jews. We don't want them here. And I heard everything you said. I said hell with them. Let them go to hell. You know, give him the tickets. And they all got tickets. They went. They came into Czechoslovakia. No. We took we don't have. I don't have too much to carry because, you know, I had a few schmutz rags and I sold them, and I bought German marks. You know, their value in Poland, the German mark was zero, and I bought them up $0.10 a mark. We had a few marks together. Yes. We can go home to Germany. There we went. we get off of the train and tell them it was Russians. You know, and officers, women officers, you know. So we want to get off in Prague. Prague is a Dada. Coco. Russia, Russia, Russia family, you know Familia. I told him that's in Russia. Horatio. Horatio. They stopped the train and they took us where we want to go. I said to a Jewish federation. They said she doesn't know where. They said, try to go this way. She just went to get off and they said, let's divide us in 2 or 3 groups that are how the police are going to stop us from where we come and what we do. Anyway, we walked. We asked a few people where is the German border? They showed us. There we went. This is a really close to evening. They came to a house close to the border. It was the last house. It was a German family. Their house was built, not finished. And we went in there and we tell him we said Deutsche Union. We are German Jews. We want to go home to Germany. Oh, your wall, your wall. They made a big dinner for us and they took a straw and put it in on the floor. Then we can sleep in the night. But before the day came out, they said, we have to cross the woods. There is a border. The border is so wide, like here, Polk Street, you know, and there is a, you know, a boy used to push the kettles out in the fields. If you talk to him and he explained to you what this is. Okay. They send one man forward and his elbow, you know, reaching his stomach and wherever the wacko would be far away. This one watchman, it's American, you know, we couldn't we could cross without any question. But the rest people know. Anyway, he stayed there and he saw the water was far away. He rushed over across the border, just across the street. Across the border. The worker didn't see it. He was far away. He came in. There was another German couple. People, I'm sure. Never tell them in Deutsch you'd be in a house. You know the same thing. They kill chickens. They make us a good dinner and we take it off? I took it off the direction where there is a train. We have to look for a train to go to Munich from the border and I. American. A black person drives a big truck, a soldier, and they say, hey, there you go. I said to the train. And he said, hop in. Where do you go from the train? I said, in Munich. I don't know how many miles it took us. You want to pay him? He says no, no, no, no, no, we don't want any money from you. You should recognize, you know. And he took us to the train. We went up. I had German marks. They bought tickets for all of them. And they came to Munich. And I told the conductor I got off on the Leopold Strasse and tell the conductor take him to the Federation and let the fed tell him when he got off in the street. Asked where the male is, he took him right there and go up to the Federation. You tell your problems, you tell them your problems and good luck to you. I never saw him. The people would. Federation would take over because the people were in camps. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=3628.74,4095.15"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e did you. We don't have a lot of time left. Yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=4095.15,4098.54"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e because now. Now the story about how I'm a United States. The CIC used to come up, and they used to start to bring me work. First they brought me, you know, a uniform to fix the too big, too small. And I did it. Later they got freelance. They brought the freelance. You know, they made them a suit and made them a suit. And she says, Fred. Next year I go home. He will go home through the army. Through the army. In the army and said, can you make me suits? I said, yes, yes. I brought the material and this time I already had a ready, had a permit to have the tailor shop and everything. I wasn't sleeping, believe me. And they know me for about a couple of years. And they came in to say, Fred, why do you work so hard? They're very smart, intelligent people, very bright young men. Why don't you? There is a black market. I said, what's this, a black market? Honestly, I didn't know what a black market is. What's a black market? They say you buy stuff and you go in and sell. This is not my trade. See? I make money with my hands. See? That's the truth. Oh, you work too hard. They came in early in the morning. 5:00 I was sharp cutting and fitting can do the sewing, you know. And I had tailors working. It cut so much the people went to Israel. They came up there with him for for the men's suit, for the women's suit, you know. And some have children, you know, we overhead materials for laying from the floor to the ceiling. They checked me, they bring gold and said, Fred, this is better than money. So what is it is a piece of metal. It says, Fred, this is gold. I know what gold is because, you know, you have to act a little down to. And he said to me, you will never be a businessman. I'm not a businessman. I tell him, I'm a tailor. What do you want from me? You are laughing, you know, after they checked me for years, I got a recommendation letter from the CIC. But what kind of man I am, what kind of nature I have, what kind of tailor I am, all kinds of stuff. Whatever I needed should be given. And I never want to show this to anybody. And I want any previous two years I had a tailor shop. I still have an American soldiers uniform. You can imagine. I had to buy new machines and had to buy tables and had to buy everything. And I got this at one time and I was waiting. I had a tailor working for me. He had a brother in Australia and he, the Australian brother, sent him an affidavit and he left with his wife and her child. And he once he talked to his brother, and his brother wants me to have an Australia. And I told him I don't want to separate anymore. We were nine children, four of us left and I don't want to separate anymore. It took him a while and I got papers I should fill out for all sisters and brothers and included me. And it took him a long time, and I didn't see it. And I. And I want to be there. And the Germans asked me to make clothing. I never want to touch them. I taught myself I worked plenty for you. They want to pay me twice as much as I take for another suit. See, you have a kind of side. I don't have time. You see how much material I have? And the Germans used to say to me that I am a different Jew. They say Jewish people don't work. And you work so hard. I said, who told you Jewish people don't work? See, the Führer, the leader had told him this. So.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=4098.569,4350.47"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=4350.98,4351.52"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e yeah, you know what? I did what he did.  one day he came. He says, Fred, Let me sit in this junky place here. Get out here, he says. Come on, let's go for a ride.  he took me up to an office, and I.  I was he says, here is the registration for it. I cannot tell you. Register. This means force. What can you lose if you don't want to go? You don't go. To America. I went there to the man in the register, and the man said. Don't you have any papers? I say, have him DACA, a passport. He said, you should have some other papers. I said, I don't have any.  the captain stays there and say, Fred, show him the letter. I didn't want to. He got mad at me. I got 5 million. Give him the letter.  they read the letter and looked me up from the top and from the top to the bottom. Who are you to get a letter like this? I could read it. I didn't say nothing. I just signed down there two weeks later. The American consulate calls me. It takes years. They asked me if I have relatives, if I have friends in the United States. I said no.  they said, which city do you like to go? I said, I don't know the truth. I don't know one city from another. Honestly, I told the consul and he asked me about my wife, and I told him she died. How do you know?  I told him friends of hers and friends of mine came and told me what happened. Can you swear? According to. Come and tell me, I swear. Two weeks later, I got the papers to go to the United States. How do you like this? There was paper materials laying up to the ceiling. How can I do it?  I asked for a little longer time. Ten days more. Later they gave me this, you know, scratch my arm. I don't know what you did. Vaccination.  I got my arm swole, and I go, look, I cannot go. They said, if you bring a ticket from the doctor that you have temperature, they cannot let you go. I went to a doctor and he checked me and said that I don't have any temperature. I got mad at him and the table said, son, don't tell me that I don't have. I know that I have temperature. He looked at me and smiled. He signed it. Another ten days and this is it.  I says I somebody has to move.  I did. I had to go and I told my sisters and brother as soon I came to the United States, I don't know how this is going to be there. I don't know how what the United States is and how it is.  I got the papers to Des Moines.  what year? This is 1949. I got the papers, you know, to go to Des Moines and ask the the the captain to pick up the suit.  Fred, I had already got the papers to go to the United States. They said they always talked to me in, you know this. I should go to the United States. The best country was the United States. , uh, and I looked at the map. You couldn't find Des Moines.  I said, Des Moines, Iowa. You see, that's where in German, Des Moines, Iowa.  they were very bright young men. They said, Fred, show me the address.  he looked at the address, and he ha ha ha ha ha ha ha! What's the ha ha ha about it?  he said to me, This is Des Moines, Iowa. He said he got an s you don't pronounce here. You got an S and an Iowa is the I. There is Iowa. That's why I said Des Moines, Iowa.  then I went I went to it's true already. I came in in the bus and Monica told me where the bus goes downtown. I came in and asked the conductor how much to pay. He says $0.15, and I got three nickels.  I said, eins, zwei, drei. He says, hey, wait a minute. I know this language. What is your name? Fred. From where did you come? I said, I came from Germany. For which? Germany. Munich. Yeah. Hi, Fred. The whole. How many people was on the bus? Hi, Fred. Hi, Fred. Welcome to Des Moines. You see, and we were. Just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=4352.36,4634.87"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e at the end of the tape. I want to thank you so much. So much for the interview. I hope we'll be able to continue it and hear more. That's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=4634.87,4641.08"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S2:\u003c/strong\u003e all I can talk, talk, talk about at an end. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=4641.47,4646.06"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/transcript/87324/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_S1:\u003c/strong\u003e you'll tell about an and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=4646.54,4647.8"}]},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Auto-generated Index (2024-11-11 18:37:29) [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Introduction and Family Background","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=0.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker, Fred Vadala, introduces himself, stating his birth date and place. He describes his large family, with nine children, and their life in Poland. His father was a prominent tailor with many employees, and Fred followed in his footsteps. His siblings were involved in various businesses, and the sisters helped with book work at home. The speaker also details his education, which included public school, Hebrew school, and German language lessons due to the German occupation during World War I.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=0.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Life and Anti-Semitism in Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=229.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker discusses the religious nature of his family, which he describes as not fanatical but traditionally Jewish. He then talks about the Jewish community in Lodz, which was significant and industrious. The speaker also recounts his experiences with anti-Semitism, debates with non-Jews about religious misconceptions, and the increase in anti-Semitic attitudes in the late 1930s as Poland was occupied by Germany.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=229.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Outbreak of World War II and the Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=373.0,920.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker recounts the worsening of anti-Semitism during the late 1930s and his experiences at the onset of World War II, including his time in the Polish Army and the establishment of the ghetto. He describes how the Jewish community was forced into the ghetto and the roles people played within it, including his own work as a tailor for the Nazis.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=373.0,920.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life and Work in the Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=920.0,1120.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker details his life in the Lodz ghetto, where he worked as a tailor, making uniforms for the German officers. He describes the harsh conditions, the separation of families, and the tragic fate of the children taken away under false pretenses. The speaker also touches on the role of the Jewish police and the Judenrat within the ghetto.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=920.0,1120.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experiences in Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1120.0,1749.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker vividly describes the brutal conditions and experiences he endured in Auschwitz and Dachau concentration camps, including forced labor, starvation, and the constant threat of death. He recounts specific incidents of violence and cruelty by the SS guards and the psychological torment inflicted upon the prisoners. Despite the inhumane treatment, the speaker miraculously survived several life-threatening situations.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1120.0,1749.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation and Post-War Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1749.0,3269.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker narrates the events leading to his liberation by American forces and the immediate aftermath of the war. He describes the struggle to find food and shelter, the death of his wife just before liberation, and his efforts to locate his surviving family members. The speaker also recounts his return to Poland to find his brother and the subsequent journey back to Germany, where he resumed his work as a tailor.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=1749.0,3269.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=3269.0,4648.3437"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000/index/90266/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker explains the process of immigrating to the United States, facilitated by his interactions with the CIC and the recommendation letter he received from them. Despite his initial reluctance to leave his established life in Germany, he eventually decided to move to the U.S. He describes his arrival in Des Moines, Iowa, and the warm welcome he received from the local community, marking the beginning of his new life in America.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163718/file/298000#t=3269.0,4648.3437"}]}]}]}