{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/gt5fb4zq25/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David Fishel November 19,1985"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/184/original/ijhs2_logo.png?1629814295","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["David Fishel","Sally Jo Brown-Winter"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2024-10-23"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["David outlines his early family life in the Jewish community of Bedzin, Poland. He details his experiences in seven labor or concentration camps and the trauma of seeing deaths almost all the time. He survived by hiding under dead bodies rather than going on a final forced march just before the Allied liberation on April 11, 1945."]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["MPEG-4"]}},{"label":{"en":["Keyword"]},"value":{"en":["Concentration Camps","Gross-Rosen Camp","Liberation","Langerstein Camp","Messerschmitt Camp","Antisemitism","Death March","Bismarkshute Camp","Family History","Jewish Ghetto","Bendzin Poland","Buchenwald Camp","Labor Camps","Refugees"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["TheirStory"]}}],"summary":{"en":["David outlines his early family life in the Jewish community of Bedzin, Poland. He details his experiences in seven labor or concentration camps and the trauma of seeing deaths almost all the time. He survived by hiding under dead bodies rather than going on a final forced march just before the Allied liberation on April 11, 1945."]},"provider":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa Jewish Historical Society"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa Jewish Historical Society"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/184/original/ijhs2_logo.png?1629814295","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/297/987/small/open-uri20251201-428871-m79kld_1764603983.jpg?1764603983","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - open-uri20251201-428871-m79kld.mp4"]},"duration":2607.54087,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/297/987/small/open-uri20251201-428871-m79kld_1764603983.jpg?1764603983","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-jewishdesmoines.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/297/987/original/open-uri20251201-428871-m79kld.mp4?1764603976","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2607.54087,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["TheirStory Transcript (Paragraphs with Speakers) [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Will you please state your name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=41.6,42.83"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e David Fishel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=43.07,44.287"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. And what date were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=45.29,46.91"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e In September. The 22nd, 1928.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=47.24,51.86"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=52.07,53.12"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e Belgium. Poland. Okay. Would you please describe your home life? Well, uh, what do you mean by the home life? Tell me about your brothers. How many brothers and sisters? Okay, okay. I had there was five of us children. There were two brothers and two sisters beside myself. There was five of us. The two sisters were the oldest, and the three boys were the youngest. I was the youngest of all five. And my mother, my father died. He died before the war. So there was just my mother and five of us kids. And when the war started. You want to ask that too, or shall I?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=53.72,100.28"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you. Your father was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=100.82,102.56"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e How did we live? When my father died, he was a businessman. We had a shop making shirts, and he had quite a few employees. It wasn't a big one, but it was large enough. He had 20 some employees in his establishment, so we weren't poor. When he died, we still had some money. This was just closely before the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=103.46,129.16"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And how many Jewish people were in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=129.55,131.8"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e My community was a large Jewish community. There was 80,000 people. Out of the 80,000 people, 50,000 were Jews. In my town there was the biggest share were Jewish Jewish people. It was a religious community, very much so, very much so. Everybody. I didn't know any difference because that's the way I was brought up. You know, I the, the city, I was the building I was living in particular building there was like 48 tenements. Each one of the tenements had 4 or 5 kids, three kids, you know, and out of all 45, out of all of them, there was only three non-Jews living in the whole the whole building. So actually, that's the. I was brought up this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=133.33,184.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you feel was there any sensation that you. Felt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=184.93,187.39"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e before the war? Before the war? Yes. I remember the pogroms when I was a child. I was too young to know what. What is what? I know one thing. We couldn't go out in the street because there was some anti-Semitism, and they were breaking out windows. And not in my street, but a street about two blocks or two streets over, I would say about 5 or 6 blocks away. That's the way the non-Jews, the, you know, they came and started breaking windows and they were waiting for him because, like I said, the Jewish population was pretty strong up there. So actually, they were fighting back at that time, you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=187.39,232.84"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, how did the, um, how did they begin the programs or why did they? Where did they get their information?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=233.26,239.85"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e I this I couldn't answer you because I was too young. I you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=240.69,245.7"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of school did you go. To?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=246.03,247.74"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e I went to public school. You see, I went to school till the fifth grade, and I was supposed to go in the fifth grade. And that's when there was no more school. Because when the war started, I was only 11 years old. The Jewish kids could not go to school. The other kids could go to school, but the Jewish kids couldn't go to school for the simple reason, because they were Jews. There was no schools. So, uh, so the we just stayed around the house. We we couldn't do nothing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=247.77,280.89"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And when the war started, I thought. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=283.14,285.69"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e when you felt the war, that's when the war started. When I first came in to my town, this was actually before there was declared war on Poland. They were in my city. You see, I lived where I lived in Poland, and this was before the war was Germany. And then Hitler claimed it as a Third Reich. Actually, it was right under like between Des Moines and West Des Moines. You see actually, over the over the hill, you were in Germany and inside the hill you were in Poland. Actually, I lived on a borderline, you know, like Council Bluffs and Omaha or something similar to that. So actually they always spoke more in one language. They spoke two languages up there, Polish and German, where I lived. And, uh, what was the question? I the war came on. Yeah. When the war came out, when it happened is we couldn't go to school and everybody had to go to work. We were put in to work. Forced labor. We had to the Jewish community had to furnish so many labors every day to do community service, cleaning streets, what have you. You know, because there was we couldn't go and trains we couldn't go and buses, we couldn't go anywhere because we had to have a permission, and permission was never given for us. You know, we couldn't even leave the city. You lived in the city and you couldn't leave the city limits, because if you got caught outside the city limits, you were punished for that. So that's that's what happened. And then after the first year of living there, they had us evacuated from my. Because I lived in a in a good neighborhood, they evacuated all the Jews out of this particular neighborhood. And then we once we lived in our apartment, there was a three bedroom apartment we lived in. It was a nice, comfortable apartment. I was born in it. All my brothers and sisters were born. My mother was born in that same building and we had to leave that. And then we moved in in one single room. Me and my mother and the sisters, my brothers were taken away because first they took my oldest brother. He was at that time about 19 years old. And then they took my the second, the oldest brother, he was six years old and myself, he was 17. And this was a they took him in 1941, my oldest one, my second oldest, they took 1941 and 42. They took my other brother just a few months ahead of me. I was not quite 12 years old when they took me away. They come and got me and they took me away. And. And that's the last time I seen any of my family, my mother, my sisters, my I had a little niece, my oldest sister, my second oldest sister. She was married and she had a child. I never had a chance to see it. I seen it till she was about 14 months. That's the last time I left there. Where did they take? They took me to a camp not too far away from my hometown where I was born. But again, they took us to a forced labor camp. Frank's arbeitslager. That's what they call it. And in this particular camp, there was maybe about 250 people in there. And I worked from, let's say, from 6:00 in the morning to six at night. And we left. It was dark and we came home. It was almost dark. That particular time, because this was still spring. That's when in 1942, in spring, it was still dark. And when we got home, we had very little food. I mean, they were allowing me to come to your home. Oh, no. We were. I was in prison camp. I went back to camp. I was never I never went home again after once. They took me away. That's right. Back to the camp. I didn't once I left, that took me, apprehended me. I never went back home until after the war. But this was my first camp. He asked me and we stayed there for about three months. Then we evacuated to a larger camp. And up there there was maybe three, 350 people. And I stayed there the first year, in 1942 to 1943. What did you do then? We we were working in and digging ditches, I was helping I helped to the a cement mixers. We were finishing the cement for the cement mixer. You filled it up with those mixers with sand. We shoveled it in, you know, in the in the mixer. Mix it up and we give it to the, the guy who was, uh, the bricklayers and cement finishers. That's what we were doing. And what was life like in that community? Well, it was pure hell. You know, all our freedoms were taken away and no longer we didn't allow we couldn't do nothing. What we didn't supposed to do, we couldn't leave the premises. And if you had to go to the bathroom, you had to ask somebody, and somebody went with you along so you wouldn't escape. Always somebody. It was always somebody went with you no matter where you went. You never went alone. So this way it would have been more difficult to escape. But I even during the night, if you had to go to the bathroom, you still had to get somebody. And if you didn't do what you ask out of you, they usually got a beating, you know? Once you got a beating, you didn't last long because you got sick. There was no medication, no nothing. It was just a quick death. Once you got beat up, you know. as long as you didn't get beat up, you still could last a little longer, a little longer. This was the first camp I was in seven different camps. This was the first two camps. No, they were all older. I was a I was the youngest, always in the third camp. We were the first camp. The first three camps I was in was Frank Herbert's first labor. And the third camp was a concentration camp. This was this was no more Frank Herbert's lager. This was concentration lager. Now, what were their names? The first one was, the first one was Bismarck City. This was in Poland, and the second was Reisfeld. And the third one we went to, this was the concentration concentration camp. This was an blechhammer in Blechhammer. There was about 5000 people, and the 5000 people there took all the young, young people, the youngsters like myself. And they made they send us to school to learn different trades. The trades consist of five weeks course. Some of them were a what you call a carpenters and some of them were machinists and so on and so on. You know, different trades, you know. It was like a trade union. And there was my particular group, there was about 50 some kids, and all of them were less than 17 years old, over 17. You considered adult? And I was I don't know, it wasn't even 14 at that time. So we were I was there until 1945, from 43 to 45. And then in and 45. In December of 44. Going on 45. That's when the Russians came nearer and they evacuated us. And that's where pure hell broke loose. I went on a death march from my camp by on foot. It was. It took us five weeks. And those five weeks we left the camp was a little over 5000 people when we left. When we arrived five weeks later, there was only 1500 left. The rest of them died along the way because we slept outdoors or in a in a barn. No food, no nothing. We ate whatever we could find on the road. Snow and what have you. And most of them got froze up. Their legs, their noses, their ears and nothing in words. A smell. And somebody freezes any part of its body, whether it's a hand or finger or nose or ear. That smell is the worst thing. Anything. Anything can happen to a human being. And like I said, we got from Belgium. After five weeks, we went to Gross-Rosen. This is another camp. And we were there 5 or 6 days. I don't remember exactly. It's been quite a few years. And they put us all in one barrack. There was no room to sit down. No room to. Nothing. Because this barrack was big enough for about 200 people, not 1900. And if somebody died, there was no room for him to fall down. He just died. The only way we picked up the bodies is when we had to put us outside. And I appeal. Appeal means we had to. How do you say to fall in, be counted? And then they picked up the bodies and took them outdoors. And after, when we arrived, it was 1900 people. In those 4 or 5 days later, there was only about 14 left. 500 of them died in that camp, you know. And if you couldn't go for you for your food, because there was hardly any, any room, just like sardines. And that's where we crushed together. And when we went to get the food. And if it wasn't strong enough after everybody got the food, then they asked who didn't get it. And those people, some of them said, me, me, those sick people. And that's the first time I seen a SS man kill people with his bare hand. And he killed about seven of us, young and one older one. The ones who were sick. Remember I told you there was like sardines? But when he came out with his about a bed, a bed, something like a baseball bat, and he killed one after the other. He said, you didn't get food. I'm going to give you food. And he killed him. That's the first time all those people. There was a lot of noise in one room. But at that time, you could hear a pin drop. Everybody's watching that quiet I was. And he killed him with his own bare hand. That's the first time I seen a human being. I seen dead before. I seen hangings before in different camps. But I never seen one being killed with a bat, you know, with, like, a two by four or something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=285.69,999.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And, you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=999.11,1001.66"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e I couldn't say everything bothered you, but there wasn't much you could do about it. You had to learn to live with that. Yeah. And then the day after we got through that, after the fifth or the sixth day, I couldn't remember how long it was. We were in this particular camp. Then we went. They put us out in cattle boxcars, you know, like cattle. And we sent those. I we didn't know where we were going, but they sent us to another camp. This other camp happened to be Buchenwald, from Gross-Rosen to Buchenwald. When we got to Weimar, you know, it took us five days to get there. We didn't have no food, no water, no nothing in those five days. And this was in January. Cold. How were you dressed? Dressed? Well, I didn't have good clothes and it wasn't warm enough. But when we got to Weimar outside Buchenwald. That particular day, all everything was bombed out. The tracks were, you know, bombed out and the trains couldn't go no further, you know. So we had to reroute us and get us into camp. We finally arrived in Buchenwald and Buchenwald. This was a whole town. It was like all 80 or 90,000 people. Prisoners, all walks of life. Not just Jews or just Frenchmen. They were prisoners of war. They were all from all Europe. You know, everything was up there in over there. I was like, maybe a couple of weeks. And like I said before, the smell from those people had frozen bodies, and I couldn't take the smell. So they sent us to another camp. And this was my last camp I was in. This particular camp was nothing but a death trap. This one. This one was Langenstein. That's the name of it. Actually. It's three berg. That's what between two mountains they were making Messerschmitts. And inside the mountain, it was just like a cave they carved out out of a cave. They made the messerschmitts up there. And we made those tunnels for the Messerschmitt. In this particular camp was 11 months old. Every month they sent 3000 people to replace the people died. In that 11 months. There was about 30 some thousand people died in 11 months because, like I said, people couldn't last too long in that particular camp. And I happened to be there when I when we first got there. You remember I told you we left 5000, then there was 1400 left after we left. Then when I went to Buchenwald was still about maybe 1100. And then when we left, there was only 400 left out of the 5000. And by the end of the war, there was maybe 26, 28 of us left. For this particular camp, there wasn't too many left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1007.11,1207.2"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And why do you think that is?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1208.94,1210.71"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e Why we survived? If the war would have lasted another day or two, I probably wouldn't have survived. Also, what it was towards the end of the, you know, after you got sick, usually you had diarrhea and you passed on blood when you did that. It was just a matter of maybe a day, maybe a week at the most. And I already had that. I couldn't walk anymore. When you couldn't walk, you slow down. Slow down the column. They just Either shot you or just puts you away and left you at home and wait for it to die. And I couldn't walk anymore. And I had a the the the what did I say? I had the diarrhea with the blood. Passing blood. And this was the first time I met her. A week or two. A good thing I was. I was saved by the bell. If it wasn't, wouldn't have been over any sooner. I wouldn't be here to tell you why you asked me why I survived. I was young, I could take it better. And some of the older people, the older people couldn't take it. Simple reason a grown up, a grown up. He needs things with a young kid. Doesn't need. He needs his cigarettes. He needs to shave. I didn't need to shave, I never shaved, I didn't have no cigarettes. I didn't know what to smoke. They needed a chocolate. I never had any milk. I never had any. All those luxuries. What are grown ups have? I don't have, I don't have no need for it. So my body would stay with hold longer and a grown ups body could. Because the bigger the war, the more the harder they fell. You see a six foot guy of close to six foot five, 200 pounder. He didn't last long, maybe six months, seven months. He was finished because, like I said, they needed things. Their body couldn't take it. I was just a kid. I haven't even begun to live yet. So I could take those things because I didn't know any better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1212.12,1348.77"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e So did you make any friends?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1350.21,1353.75"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes. Lots of friends. People from my hometown. I never seen any of them. I imagine so, yes, I did run into somebody in my hometown I went to, I went to school with him. I went to Hebrew school with him. I went to Sunday school with him, and he lives in New York. And it was nice to see him, him being alive. He wasn't my same class I was in, you know, that's the only one I see. I've been all over the world, tried to find somebody, and he's the only one, you know, like I said, he knew my my mother and I know his father and mother. But nobody else can tell. His own kids don't know him. But I knew his mother and father and his sisters and brothers, and he did the same. Likewise for me, his own children, you know, like my own children, didn't know my mother, my sister, my sisters and brothers. But he did. You know, they're just like family. Now, if you see and meet people like that, you don't have to talk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1354.8,1422.65"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Um. I thought you said you were locked in. The bell rang just in time. Delivery?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1427.54,1433.24"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1433.69,1434.32"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e Like I told you, I was pretty sick at that time. And when I started, when I left the camp. And we went to town after the liberation. How? Well, I didn't get liberated that easy. What? It was when? Before the liberation. They evacuated the camp again. I said this time I'm not going with you anymore. I already went on a five week hike with you. I. If I die, I die. Now, what I did, I hid out among the dead. I covered up myself with a few bodies. And I stayed there for four days. When I came out, I didn't eat nothing. So I had a second cousin of mine and we cooked grass. I didn't have the heart to eat grass raw, so we cooked some a some grass. He had a pinch of salt. That's what we ate. After four days and when I was liberated, like I told you, I already had this past blood. And on the way to town we went out to the field, and the field was. This was on April the 11th, 1945. I remember April 11th because President Roosevelt died on that day. That's why I remember it. Otherwise I wouldn't remember it. And we went down the field and dug out some potatoes, and we ate raw potatoes. Then we went to town and we got some bread. I ate bread, I ate, ate about three loaves of bread. How did you know you could go to town? We went to, Like I said, the town was about four kilometres away and it took us a long time to get there. Oh, walking wasn't too good, but we know we were free. So we made it to town and then we went to a meat market and got some meat. We ate it raw. Meat and that. And I got so sick because my stomach couldn't take it. My, my, my system couldn't take it. And the GIS medics came along and they wouldn't feed me. They wouldn't give me chocolate. They wouldn't give me a hot cocoa and cereal. You know, they gave me the what do you call breakfast cereal? Not the hard cereal, the cooked like pablum, you know, what do you call those things? Quaker oatmeal. Something like that. They were feeding me by spoonful until they got me back on my feet, you know, and they cleared my diarrhea with the blood passion. And then little by little. What? Give me more food. This guy, he was in the medic. I don't know whether he was a doctor or not. He. There was five of us living in this one particular house, and he used to come by every day, see to it that we don't eat too much because we were hungry. We wanted to eat, and he wouldn't let us. He gave us not the right food. So little by little we got back on our feet, you know, and so our stomach could take regular food like everybody else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1436.6,1632.79"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e This food. How long did it take you to get on your feet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1635.4,1639.21"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, about five weeks. And then after that, what was your next move? Try to find family. This was I was born, I was, I lived in Halberstadt. That's where we went. Oh, about 12km from the last camp I was in. In Halberstadt. start. And as long as the Americans were there, it was fine. Then the Americans left. Then the British came in, and then the British left. The Russians came in and the Russians came in. I left and I went to Bergen Belsen. It was a big camp that after the war and up there I ran into a cousin of mine, and I stayed with her for about, oh, 2 or 3 weeks. And after we found out that her brother is alive. So I went all across the country from Bergen Belsen to bad viewer. So often it was near Munich. It took me about, oh, about a week to get there. It's only about 400 miles, but there was no trains, no nothing. All the bridges were out. It took me a long time to get there, but I got there. He wouldn't let me leave and he went to get his sister. So we. I stayed with him of. About a month later we went to Munich where we went to Munich. He had he had some friends from my town in Belgium, you know, and I went up there and started talking to those people. And I know they were friends of my brother's before the war. And I mentioned that who I was or you brother was here yesterday. And that's when I found out my brother was alive. So they told me where he was. So I didn't wait. It was from Munich to Stuttgart. It took me another 2 or 3 days to get there. I don't remember exactly. And by that time my brother found out where I was. So I went to get him and he went to get me. And about the future wife of my brother. At that time, she was still his wife. Now 40 some years later, 40 years later. And she wouldn't let me out of her sight. She wanted me to wait until my and my brother came back. And that's the time I found my brother. And he's. Me and and him are the only ones that survived the horrible ordeal. All the rest of our family perished. They didn't perish. They were killed. My brother. My oldest brother. He was in camp. People seen him. They were on camp with him. He died just maybe a month before the end of the war. His body couldn't take it anymore. And he died. If he had the right medication, he wouldn't have been dead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1639.99,1813.34"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e So he was reunited with your brother?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1817.36,1819.31"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes. Yeah. He lives in Omaha, Nebraska now. He. My brother has three children. He has two daughters and one son, and the son has. He's married now, and he has three, three little gals in. One of his daughters is married and she has two. A boy and a girl. She lives in. My nephew lives in Omaha, but my niece she lives in. And what is the name of the town? New Orleans, that's where she lives. And they have a youngest brother. Sister? She lives in Tel Aviv. She's lived in Israel. She likes it up there. And she lives up there. She's working on her research and on a farm. She. She likes farming. So she has something to do with her research and the farming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1819.4,1872.56"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Before she had children, we were in Munich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1874.45,1877.48"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e He lived in Stuttgart, near Stuttgart, and I went to live with him because when he found me, I was not even 16 years old at that time, you know? So he sent me to a kibbutz, and I was supposed to go to Israel, but he found my aunt. My my father had a sister in the United States, and she lived in Omaha. And when she found out that I was alive, she sent papers for me. So he came to the kibbutz where I was in, and he got me out of there. And within a month I was in Omaha, Nebraska. That's where my aunt lived. Her name was Meyrowitz, and that's. And then she had family. All of her family was born here in the United States. They were. They lived in Sioux City. Matter of fact, one of them lived in Des Moines, Iowa. Her her name was Irene Finish. She was my first cousin. She had a she had a sister and two brothers. My my family in America, I mean. So that's how come I came to the United States because my my aunt sent for me. I was the first one to come over here, and I came over in 1940 seven inches January, and my brother came over in March, about three months. Two, three months later. He went to Omaha. Well, I like I said, I lived for five years from 47 till 1952, in Omaha, Nebraska, with my brother and my sister in law. And when I moved to Des Moines, I married a girl from Des Moines. She was. No, she's a she's a Des Moines born. And when we married and I lived up here since 1952 after we got married, we we have two children. My oldest daughter, her name is Bobby Roberta, and she is married to Lee Cohen. And they have two children. They have a little gal, Lisa. She's my granddaughter, seven years old, and they have a little boy, Dustin. And he's four years old right now. And then I have another daughter. She doesn't live in Des Moines. Her name is Eileen and she is married to Michael Schwartzman. He's a doctor. He's a neurologist, and they live in Minneapolis. Right now he's doing his, uh, residency as a neurologist. So. And she just had a baby boy also. He's two months old now. And his name is. His name is, uh, a I already forgot his name. Uh. Drew. Mike. No. Adam. Drew. That was his name. I forgot his name. How about it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1878.53,2072.56"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And I want to tell you why. You need to know that you are a survivor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=2073.57,2078.969"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes, she did know about it being a survivor. Actually, no. This is the one thing I very seldom discuss with anybody. A special occasion like right now, I have to talk. I never talked about it before. I didn't even want to give. But every once in a while, like I said, I'm a survivor. And there's a distinct breed of people. There's fewer and fewer left. There wasn't too many survivors then, but now there are fewer yet. And I'm still alive. So I have to tell my story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=2079.0,2121.21"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Even though you've been telling your children your story, do you think that they didn't want other children because you were so powerful?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=2122.11,2128.08"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e No, not necessarily so. Every once in a in a while. They used to write up write ups in the paper about me and some of the students at the university or high schools that did articles on me, and they'd come to interview me, and I tell them the way it was. So actually, I'm not shutting it off altogether, but I do. I don't want to live in the past. The past is not that that pleasant. So I try to live in the future. I don't want to forget the past. I don't want nobody to forget the past. If you don't have enough past, you don't have a future. So the next generation, the generations to come. If they see me talk now they know how life can be precious. If not to let that happen again. If they let one innocent man or one innocent woman perish, then they might be next. It doesn't make a any difference whether you're black or white, whether you Jew or Catholic or Protestant. Once that starts, there's no way of stopping it. So don't let it get it started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=2129.37,2202.57"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Are you angry for people not taking action and helping out the people who were in the Holocaust?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=2203.44,2208.51"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e Of course, of course. They could have done something about it. They could have done a lot, but they just were helpless. We were just helpless. We went to. We went to the slaughterhouse. Just like a bunch of sheeps. One by one, they picked us off and nobody did anything about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=2208.93,2227.86"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you waiting for someone to come and do something about it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=2230.17,2232.6"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e Of course we were hoping. When I saw the planes, I was waving at them. When they used to come and bomb the city, I wanted to get killed. It would have been a blessing to be killed. But I didn't want to get killed by a German bullet. Matter of fact, I wanted to get killed by my own flesh and blood. My cousins. I didn't know they were an Air Force. I said to myself. Maybe there's one of them. My cousin. Let him kill me. Matter of fact, they were overhead in the Baltimore Flyers and I got to get killed by them, then be killed by a German bullet. Live. You know, a dead. Being dead was a was a blessing. Because to live like this was pure hell. It's no more degrading than to live on in a humane way. The way we lived from day to day. Every minute, every minute of the day. Your life was taken away. Just like anybody could come and take it away. And they wouldn't have to answer to nobody. You know. A dog was better off than I was a bird out flying was better off than I wasn't even human. A Jew wasn't even worth the Nothing to them. I wasn't considered human, a dog or a horse. Anybody was better off than I was. They were treating them better. Any moron, any sadist could come and take your life away. He wouldn't have to count nobody, you know. It was just humane. What kind of society was it? And people let him get away with that. And nobody did anything about it. Sure. I'm angry. I have a right to be angry. I was there. I felt that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=2232.63,2351.39"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSally Jo Brown-Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Is there anything else you'd like to say? Well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=2356.19,2359.82"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/transcript/87311/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Fishel:\u003c/strong\u003e What? Is there more to add? I said I got my anger out of myself. Thank you very much. And thank you. All right. I hope you got something out of it. I hope somebody gets something out of it so other people won't have to suffer the way I did. And thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=2360.36,2382.26"}]},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Auto-generated Index (2024-10-23 16:52:56) [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Introduction and Personal Background","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=0.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker, David Fisher, introduces himself and provides his date and place of birth. He describes his family, consisting of two brothers and two sisters, and mentions that he was the youngest. The speaker also notes that his father passed away before the war, leaving the family in a relatively comfortable financial position due to his father's shirt-making business.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=0.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family's Economic Status and Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=100.0,184.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker elaborates on his father's business and the family's economic status after his father's death. He describes his hometown's large Jewish community, where Jews made up the majority of the population and lived in a very religious and close-knit society.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=100.0,184.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experiencing Anti-Semitism and Education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=184.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker recalls the anti-Semitism he experienced as a child, including pogroms and violence against Jews. He also mentions his education, which was interrupted by the war when Jewish children were no longer allowed to attend school.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=184.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=233.0,283.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker provides a detailed account of life in various concentration camps, including the types of work performed, the deplorable living conditions, and the constant threat of violence and death.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=233.0,283.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Outbreak of War and Forced Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=283.0,999.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker recounts the beginning of the war and its immediate effects on his life, including being forced into labor. He describes the restrictions placed on Jews, such as not being allowed to use public transportation or leave the city without permission.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=283.0,999.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death March and Gross-Rosen Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=999.0,1064.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker describes the death march to Gross-Rosen camp, where conditions were so overcrowded that the dead could not even fall to the ground. He witnessed the brutal killing of fellow prisoners by an SS officer.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=999.0,1064.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald and Langenstein Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987#t=1064.0,1436.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163704/file/297987/index/90258/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The speaker continues his narrative with the transfer to Buchenwald and then to Langenstein, where he worked on constructing tunnels for aircraft. 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