{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/q23qv3f894/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["1981, 4-08 Werner Bergh"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/184/original/ijhs2_logo.png?1629814295","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Warner Bergh","Esther Hockenberg"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2024-04-04"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Werner describes his family and life in Germany before WWII.  His father was arrested and in a concentration camp for 8 weeks, then released with the demand to leave the country.  At 15 years old, he and his family went to Shanghai for the duration of the war. He gives details about that experience, the increased Jewish refugee presence and community in Shanghai,  and how they coped with increasingly difficult living situations.  After the Japanese surrendered, the family ended up in Des Moines because of an uncle in Clinton, Iowa. He talks about adjusting to America, getting married, and finding a career. He believes a legacy of his Shoah experience was a deeper connection to Judaism and certain resentment to Germans of that era."]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["MPEG-4"]}},{"label":{"en":["Keyword"]},"value":{"en":["Shanghai - China","Refugees","Robinson Wholesale Co","Concentration Camps","Family History","Immigration","Antisemitism","Dr. Winchinski","Berlin - Germany","Jewish Holidays","1936 Olympic Games","Immigrants - German","Education","Dr. Johann Prince","Des Moines IA","Family Life","Werner Bergh","Walter Felix Zuberbargh (Bergh)","Elza Zuberbergh","Hennie Bergh"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["TheirStory"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Werner describes his family and life in Germany before WWII.  His father was arrested and in a concentration camp for 8 weeks, then released with the demand to leave the country.  At 15 years old, he and his family went to Shanghai for the duration of the war. He gives details about that experience, the increased Jewish refugee presence and community in Shanghai,  and how they coped with increasingly difficult living situations.  After the Japanese surrendered, the family ended up in Des Moines because of an uncle in Clinton, Iowa. He talks about adjusting to America, getting married, and finding a career. He believes a legacy of his Shoah experience was a deeper connection to Judaism and certain resentment to Germans of that era."]},"provider":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa Jewish Historical Society"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa Jewish Historical Society"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/184/original/ijhs2_logo.png?1629814295","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - open-uri20251201-428871-aka15k.mpga"]},"duration":3816.82633,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-jewishdesmoines.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/297/995/original/open-uri20251201-428871-aka15k.mpga?1764604326","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":3816.82633,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["TheirStory Transcript (Paragraphs with Speakers) [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e This is the first part of an interview for the oral project The oral history project. I am Esther Hawkins interviewing Werner Berg, who is a survivor of the holocaust. Werner, would you please tell where you were born I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3.76,27.755"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e was born in Berlin Schoenburg, which is, a suburb of Berlin. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=27.755,34.315"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e were your parents' names. My","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=34.315,36.81"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e father's name was Walter Felix Zuckerberg, actually, our, our real name my mother, mother's name was Elza Zuckerberg, she originally came from Bohemia, a little town by the name of Osick. Alright.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=36.81,62.625"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you were you not, a foster child or an adopted child of Hanyburg. My","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=65.405,73.99"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e mother passed away in nineteen hundred and thirty two, and dad remarried in nineteen thirty three. When dad passed away, which is six years ago, that would be in nineteen seventy, four My mother adopted me, but at that time, I was actually already fifty, fifty two, fifty two years old. So the adoption was actually more for sentimental reasons or for for legal reasons rather than than a necessity of of adopting me. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=73.99,117.325"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e large was your family? I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=117.325,120.73"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e was an only child, so we were three at only. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=120.73,125.29"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e did your family do for a living? I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=125.29,128.09"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e dad in Germany had a little problem manufacturing company. He he manufactured a product which was used for repairing tires that was he primarily dead. Werner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=128.41,143.42"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember your grandparents? For","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=143.8,149.125"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e that matter, I, at the time I was born, there were live three grandparents on my mother's side, two, and both of them But I do not remember them at all. They passed away very shortly after I was born. So actually, I only remember my father mother. I remember her very well. I was fifty when I left and she was still alive then. Then my my second mother, Henny, her mother was still alive, and I definitely remember her too. Yes. Werner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=149.125,189.97"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e do you remember or were you told? What sort of education did your grandparents have? Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=190.03,200.355"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e Again, grandfather on on on on okay. On my father's side, he had high school education. My grandmother, on the other hand, an excellent education. She, she was actually originally raised in in a a close to school. In a Catholic school, kind of a convent school, had quite a bit private classes and tutors. On my mother's side, I presume the education is is something with more than grade school. They look a small town, probably even more of a of a village, in in Bohemia, chance of our camp, and I doubt they had much more than the the the average, village school or grade school education. On on on mother side. On my second mother's side, again, grandfather was a lawyer, so he had, high school and university, schooling, and, my, my, my mother's mother She went to high school, you know, to high to high school, which is a little bit different from the American High School as such. June did you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=202.895,284.925"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e live in? What kind of a home did you live in in Berlin? Was it a a home or an partners. No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=284.925,292.92"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e We lived in apartments. The in in Europe Bay, few people had houses in in the in the sense you have them here in in in Des Moines, you you it's it's since I lived in Berlin, the conditions are similar to what you have in New York, maybe. Downtown state. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=292.92,309.7"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you own your apartment, or was it a rented? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=309.7,312.26"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e It's a rented. You entered. Alright. It was a common practice. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=312.26,319.055"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e sort of Jewish life did you have in your home? As","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=319.055,326.95"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e such, and this includes both of my, mothers. The the the Jewish life was actually the traditional Yum Kippur Rajashono. In other words, we celebrate the high holidays, Hanukkah, for for for the child, but as such, it was not a a a very deep, Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=326.95,349.485"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you observe Passover? Did you have Passover","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=349.485,353.185"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e will be up of. Yes. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=353.245,356.42"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e was Jewish life like in the community in which you lived? Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=356.42,364.185"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e As such, we live in a part of Berlin, which was called the the Avian bioshua b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b. In that general neighborhood, quite a few Jewish families were living. So, when I went for instance to, I went to, to a public high school, yet In my class, where fifty percent of the children were Jewish, which is, extremely high figure because usually in in in most classes, there were only about ten percent, five percent Jewish children. So as such, I I had a little bit closer ties to to to Jewish families, yet it was not a very strong tie as you might may find it in in in Eastern Europe. Of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=364.325,421.655"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e the thrift fifty percent, were there many who were really observing Observe Jewish? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=421.655,430.63"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e No. Shabbat? Holidays? Holidays. Yes, Shabbat. No. We we as kids, you you went to school six days a week, so that they included So definitely, you had to go to school on Celine. I think the the, the German Jews, especially considering town like Building or maybe Hamburg or so. We're very assimilated. And, I think the the the Jewish life, was, you know, not even similar to what you have here in the morning today. No. I would let go of that. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=430.77,470.175"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e was your Jewish education? Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=470.175,475.48"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e we have okay. In in school, we had compulsory, juice, at the same time that the that the non Jews or the the majority of the kids had their religious classes, the the Jewish kids had also religious classes. There was a a rabbi that, gave us, who who liked it. That was twice a week, for about an hour and a half. And then my additional, education I received for Bama, Barmitzman? You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=476.66,511.96"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e were Barmitzman in Berlin. Werner, do you did your people belong to a synagogue? Yes. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=511.96,522.684"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e belong to a synagogue. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=522.684,524.53"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e see. Do you have any recollections of any of the leaders in your community? More by Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=524.53,534.205"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e I remember the the the rabbi of our synagogue. I remember a few names one is Doctor Prince because he he later on back to this country and had a Your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=534.205,548.045"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e on Prince? You're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=548.045,548.845"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e interested. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=548.845,549.485"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e have heard of the name. But,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=549.485,551.985"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e a few years did I okay. I I also belonged to to one or two Jewish youth clubs. I I played soccer in a in a Jewish club So there were some some uh-uh connections I had with with with Jewish life. Not so much more community life and own life, I would say. Not so much educational, but, community. Do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=554.845,580.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you remember any of your schoolmates by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=580.02,586.345"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e name or do I remember by name? Yes. Quite a few. Are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=586.345,590.185"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e do you know any of them that are surviving today? From","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=590.345,594.06"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e Berlin, none other than I would know. I I know a few went a few left No. I would no. I would not have I would not could not give any data. No. I don't think I don't know. Warner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=594.06,608.455"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e do you have any recollection of holidays that your family, went on, celebrated or vacations that you took. Vocations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=608.455,620.875"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e I definitely have, recollections, and quite often went to the countryside. And, somehow the family had selected one one little village near Berlin where we went almost regularly every year. As far as holidays are concerned, have a cryo member, passover, when I was younger for the, dad insisted on on my mother insisted on on Shaba, and, I used to say the bokeh and and, cut the bucket, Basha's comment. So, yeah, those were the collections I do have. Alright. Would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=621.015,671.08"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you kindly describe What were your earliest recollections of the showa, the Holocaust? Since","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=671.08,687.45"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e at best that time, we lived in in Shanghai, we were completely, dependent on on on newspaper reports or on on on reports that later on came through over the radio. At the time when when after, until the war was over, we still under Japanese occupation. So, actually, we did not get any real reports of what happened. We we somehow, with a grapevine, it was reported that Jews had been deported. That they happened in consultation cams, but the the idea of of dash cams did not really come through till till probably, I would say August nineteen hundred and forty nine forty five. In other words, till the war was completely over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=687.45,752.61"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e Warner, If this is so, then what was your reasoning for leaving Germany? The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=753.79,763.565"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e the reason was made in, in June of nineteen forty June thirty eight. My father was, arrested. At the Gestapo for no valid reason, was put into a concentration camp, North of Berlin, Waroninburg, for, eight weeks, and he was told in very simple terms If you leave the country within one month, you can leave. If you don't, you stay in the concentration camp, which meant, at this time already, hundred percent debt. Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=763.565,809.255"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e then you did know of the Holocaust before? Yes. Before going to Shanghai. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=809.255,817.05"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e If yes. If if right. It's it's it's it's a pressure of semantics for two considering a holy question. Yeah. Yeah. I do. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=817.37,825.645"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e were the, what led up to this? Did you until your father was picked Did you have no no knowledge of what was going on? Oh,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=825.645,836.85"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e yes. Bye bye. Okay. That that let me let me let me let me refrain as a little bit. In in in thirty three, it was obvious that the the, situation for the German Jews would be quite hard. Now uncle of mine left immediately for for France He came back later on because he couldn't make it there. Business wise, your business was definitely, hampered, after in many cases, it was said the store is the most turned due and and so on. But, this was done action, doctors or lawyers were were in many cases prohibited to to practice or only have Jewish, Jewish clientele. But but but yet this was done in degree in in the and that that this I mean in two different ways. First of all, the big war veterans, my father, fought in in nineteen fourteen to nineteen eighteen, war veterans were exempted from some of the harsher treatments. So dad could continue his little manufacturing outfit. And then many things were done gradually. In other words, love had changed slowly. So in in the way you almost got got used to it. Then in about nineteen thirty up till about nineteen thirty five, Hitler still had the feeling that he he his army wasn't built up yet, and he was not yet sure of the of the opinion in foreign countries. So, he was still a little bit are careful of of what he was doing. In nineteen thirty six, the Olympic games were in Berlin. Again, up to that point, Hitler needed those Olympic games as as a showplace. He wanted foreigners to come So up to nineteen thirty six, Jews had certain hardship. Certain windows and stores were broke but yet it was in in in in smaller doses, and and it has been gradually. After nineteen thirty six, after the Olympic games, after, Hitler had the his successes in marching into the rhineland, taking over Czech and so on. The tune changed complete changed completely. And this led up to the as I'm saying about, in in August of of nineteen thirty eight, when when dad was arrested, there was a turning point, a year after the Olympic games. At this time, we realized that Germany was Duce did not have a future in Germany anymore. But but then again, the problems where where could you go to, Europe, many countries in Europe did not, accept you. The United States, you had to have an affidavit South America. You had a little bit better chance, but many of of us, what are you going to do in South America? What are your chances? You don't speak the language. Many of us felt since there is a restriction of what you can take out take out as far as as valu valuables are concerned or machinery for for manufacturing are concerned. They many of figured Hitler is a a thing of five years, eight years, ten years. He will change again or he will be voted out. So, up till till till that time, up to nineteen thirty eight, Jews were actually slow. Leaving. It's very easy to to to judge history in hindsight and say why didn't you? Didn't you know what's coming? No. We did not know what's coming. And then we left, September nineteen thirty eight. The the in famous Castal Nacht, the the ten ten thirty eight when they really started burning in our groups when they started really putting people in the concentration in in camps. When they forced, the Polish Jews to leave the complete. That was already one month after we had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=836.85,1124.065"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e left. Wait for a moment. You were a school boy, were you not when all when you left? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1124.065,1132.71"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e I was not anymore. I I, I went to to school for about five nine years. Then again, my parents realized but it was impossible for me to give me a a a full education to give me a college education, and that decided to take me into his store and rather let me learn a trade or a manufacturing process rather than than than going to going to school. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1132.71,1162.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you have any anti semitic feel feelings of anti semitism? While you were in school? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1162.02,1172.785"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e The Again, I have to point out. Going to high school, I went to a school where where fifty percent of the kids of of where Jewish which is as I say maybe the only school in in in Germany where this was a case. So in this particular school, the the there was hardly any anti antiism. But in other schools, I had to go later on this school was for that reason, was just simply dissolved. I went to another high school There was a small group. By","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1177.165,1211.41"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e whom. By Nazis? By","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1211.41,1213.73"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e Nazis. Yeah. Yes. But, There was a certain amount of antisemitism, but it it was still minor. You you you it it was restrained. You you it was not that you were accosted in it. Hopefully, that people called you a dirty due. Madely, I did that I remember once or twice playing on, on the street with this kid that somebody says, Why don't you go to Palestine? But again, I did not look Jewish. I I had blonde hair that's left. I did not have a pronounced Jewish nose, and many people did not know that I am Jewish. And again, it was still in nineteen thirty eight, and Berlin wasn't was not as as as as as poor Nazi as as some other as where. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1213.73,1273.965"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e was all you would experienced a anti semitic feeling prior to the coming of Hitler? All","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1273.965,1281.66"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e in all, yes. As I say, I I I know he was few stores that had signs out, this store is belongs to a Jew or dirty Jew. But I'll tell you that, yes, it it it was not a not a waste no. I I I I dare say that, in certain areas in in this country, you will find maybe may not have, as open, anti semitism, but but you you may find it here too, certainly, I guess. Were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1281.66,1313.56"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you in any sort of ghetto in Germany? Definitely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1313.56,1317.9"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e not. No. Nor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1317.96,1321.445"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e in a concentration camp? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1321.445,1322.965"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e No. Dad was. I was not. No. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1322.965,1324.985"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e What happened to the rest of your relatives? Did they perish in the show off? Alright.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1325.365,1333.17"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e My on on my on Let me make it the other way around. My my stepmother's side, her brother, he he went to the United States. He survived. My grandmother did not. My grandmother perished and it was simply shipped to the east end and perished. On my mother's side where four sisters and one brother. Three sisters perished. One sister was married to a nunju. She survived one brother was married to a Christian girl he survived. On my in in other words, it it actually you will find the the phenomenon that the the Christian partners saved the life of of of of many, many in June. On on that side again, dad had, at this time, one sister She was not married. She, she did not survive. He had another sister. She was married to an undue She survived. Matter of fact, she lived till last year here in in in the morning. My grandmother did not my grandmother committed suicide. She she realized that she could not go on, and she committed suicide. Several cousins of my father did perish. Yes. Let","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1333.17,1430.65"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e me ask you, in what way do you think the Holocaust shaped your life? Outside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1430.65,1443.675"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e of the of the physical part, outside of of the tremendous trauma of having lost my whole family outside of of, And this is a really controversy, what I'm saying now, or anything despite the fact that you had doubts why your creator let this happen to your to you, to mankind, it it's it has strengthened my my my my ties to to judaism. So it's in that respect, it was a a a qualitative experience. The loss of my family naturally is a traumatic experience. The the mistrust I had for a long time for anything German is something which which I which is hard to overcome my eye. In many ways, I I was brought up in in the German within the German culture eyes. It was my my mother tongue, the literature I learned was German literature this is, in many ways, I still use the German language as as vernacular as as a as a traffic language for me, but it it it it the the tie to Germany has been completely broken up. Warner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1443.815,1540.265"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e would your education have been different if Hitler had not come to power? Definitely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1540.485,1547.785"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e I would have, I would have liked to practice law. Or for instance, since the other point, dad had a little had a little rubber manufacturing company. I would have liked to go into chemistry either either one or the two. I would have definitely liked to win it. Our scholastic standing was, was definitely good enough to, to, to guarantee that. Yes. But it was It was definitely impossible on this. Alright.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1549.44,1578.665"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e Now you left Germany and you went to China. Shan Shanghai China. Would you describe in some way your life there? Okay. To","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1578.725,1592.665"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e describe Shanghai and compared to to anything on on an American level is extremely hard to begin with. When we came to Shanghai, we had to stay in a a district which is called HongQ, which only one year earlier was part of very heavy fighting between Japanese and Chinese. There's a famous pick many of many people got a member of a little child in a railroad station crying, a little, a little tiny Chinese thought, crying, being alone among rubble among burning, Shanghai. This was the part of China of Shanghai. We went to. We had we had to go to the the state I'll we lived in wayside Road, half of it had had light. Half of it did not. It was in ruins. So this was the experience form for many an adult traumatic experience from coming from, from a civilised at least, similar as as as living conditions currently going into into a a a war war torn town. Now, on top of it, Shanghai always had a problem of of not having enough space to to house people. So even at best com comparatively well- to do people had to live in a in a living area of half of the size of what they usually were used to in in Europe. So so what happened is that act actually, we had to live in a in a one and a half room apartment with three of us. And, In the beginning, the the the the life was comp comparatively. Remember, I I I was fifteen years. And going at a fifteen year old boy to a foreign country under those circumstances may have a certain romantic touch which if it would happen to me today, I would maybe not be able to to cope with. But coming back to it. Life in Shanka at this time was still comparatively easy, and I I see that prevented this, and there was a certain hope. Shanghai, China needed to take the So if you had a profession in your hand and somehow had a a few funds available, you you definitely had a chance to make it eventually. Food was extremely inexpensive, even if it's a war torn area. So in the beginning, it looked very hopeful for us. Then came the war, and in again, there were certain There were some shortage of raw material, but if you had raw material, you could sell whatever you you could manufacture. It changed completely when the picture changed completely, first of all, and it was apparent that the the, western powers could not stop Germany. In other words, Bancrok fell. And when it was questionable, England could continue, the whole situation started to change and naturally, your optimism, of of of a early end of the war changed completely into into a feeling of of pessimism drama. We we we, then came came suddenly one one night on on December seventh, nineteen forty one, there was some some gunfire. And we were used a little bit to to to shootings because we had guerrilla warfare in in our area ever so often and across the river was a a a, the the the wolf area. And ever so often you had an explosion. So suddenly we heard some some some some shooting and dad said, this is heavy, artfully. This is more. And, the next morning, and then suddenly it subsided. Next morning, we woke up and there was a certain, quite a bit, activity of of Japanese troops. Now this was nothing too special because actually the part we lived in was already occupied by by the Japanese. But then suddenly, we found out that war had broken out. There was an American and British gunship in in in in Shanghai and there had been some shooting between uh-uh an American and between the Japanese crew battleship and those two little gunships, which was actually only a a very short because there was no sense of those ships to to continue. When came, suddenly, came the the Japanese broadcast of Pearl Harbor. And the disaster of what happened to the American fleet. Shortly after that came, Hong Kong fell, Singapore fell. And, suddenly, the white man's face in in Asia suddenly start up to to to go down. Warner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1592.665,1955.705"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e I would like a picture of how the Jewish people lived in Shanghai. How many were there? Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1957.365,1968.505"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e That's a very good question. Shanghai,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1968.505,1971.965"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1972.905,1973.23"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e one month. Due to the, to the political situation of being an international settlement. Where you only where you could go if you had nothing else to show, but a passport suddenly became a haven for about seventeen thousand, Central European Jews, Jews from Austria, Jews from from Germany. Later on, when when after the, attack on Poland, about another fifteen hundred Polish Jews were able to flee via Serbia to Shanghai. So you had a a community of about eighteen thousand, Central European Jews and a community of about ten thousand no. I don't know about me. About three or four thousand Russian Jews that had come had come to to Shanghai in in the in in the nineteen and the twenties. So you you suddenly had in a very small small area in an area of about fifteen city blocks by twenty city blocks. A a community, a Jewish community,  born. And, and, out of necessity, this Jewish community, everybody  relying on on on, we were relying on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=1973.23,2062.159"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e each other, very much so. Did you live in barracks? Open.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2062.159,2067.435"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e No. We personally did not live in a in a in a in in barracks. We had that we we always had a little home or other apartment of our own. But there were about five or six former Chinese schools, refurbished And and they were made into into into camps. I can't give you exact figures, but I would say maybe will be twenty five percent of the Jewish population lived in those camps. And, what they simply did that they took classrooms and divided them and out of one classroom, they they they they made two or three families live in in one of those classrooms. Yes. Also the certain amount of food was provided for those people and, up to to a certain time when when, it was possible to get funds either through Switzerland or through the American, joint distribution yeah, food and and and housing was supply supplied for for for the needy ones. Yes. Was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2068.695,2141.3"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e there education? Did you have your own schools in that section? Very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2141.3,2145.54"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e good. There was, There was a Jewish okay. Again, a school was simply given by the Shanghai municipal council to to the Jewish population. And then later on, a school was built Kadua school, from from money given by, by, by, sir, Kaduri, with a belty, a Arabic Jew living in Shanghai. The again, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2145.54,2179.3"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e Sassoons? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2179.38,2180.82"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e Cadurius. As soon also was living there. Maybe maybe Sassoon also had given him. Sassoon was living there. Caddulli was living there. In order to to extremely wealthy Jews were living in Shanghai. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2180.82,2194.8"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e And they contributed. They helped. Now, was there a loosely net government of any kind that took care of the group? There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2194.94,2204.685"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e was a yes. Losing it for the very simple purpose, for the reason, we did not have any political power. We were under the we are under under under Japanese occupation part part of of of the the of of Shanghai. You had the Chinese international municipality which was an international, group, with with with Chinese police, Indian police so so whatever government you had besides that was actually more more cultural, your your your religious We had the school. We there was a a a judicial, uh-uh, set up of of of of of of a of of a late judicial service. Naturally, you you could not put anybody to to to to to jail, but but civil cases where we're civil cases where we're settled there. Cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2204.685,2271.93"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e pertaining to the group? Partaining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2271.99,2273.69"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e to the group. In other words, if if there was a this, a problem between two two parties, let's say business parties, they could go there and then they tried to try to resolve it there. For","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2273.75,2286.635"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e protection, etcetera. For","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2287.015,2289.015"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e protection, etcetera. Right? I see. Or to avoid to go to a to a to a Chinese court, which would have meant, you would have to need a a a Chinese lawyer you had to apply Chinese law. You had to study Chinese law. In other words, you try to continue with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2289.015,2306.135"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e your baked in Yes. Your own. Right. Court. Right. Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2306.135,2312.3"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e maybe you could compare it to to the conditions of of of of Romans occupying, Palestine at the time of of of individual times. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2312.3,2324.245"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you have a synagogue? We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2324.245,2326.68"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e had, or I we had there was one synagogue, which was a little bit out of, out of Hongpugh, which was actually the Russian synagogue. The the other synagogue was more of what you call a a beach at a beach, in other words, it was, not not a not a synagogue in the sense we would we would have a tiffer at Islam. It was more of a a larger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2326.68,2350.405"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e community center? Like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2350.405,2351.605"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e a community center. Yes. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2351.605,2353.525"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e so you had two there. We had two day. Right? I see. Were children given Hebrew education there of any kind? You have bar mitzvahs? You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2353.525,2365.705"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e well, bar mitzvahs, you yes, you had bar mitzvahs. You you had him that you that you celebrated them, but consider the fact that that money was not available. What did you do for about mitzvah? You you maybe picked the cake. Your family was not there to celebrate with you, so your presence wear wear wear a spare. Yes. You did. Yes. You did. Yes. You did not. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2365.865,2391.82"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you have a mole there for a wrist? Or Yes. Yes. So you had really a a rounded out Jewish life there? Yes. It was. Now how long did that asked. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2391.82,2404.85"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e lasted actually from from nineteen thirty eight when we arrived till nineteen forty five, all the time. Yes. The Japanese did not interfere at all with, with your with your communal. Establishments. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2404.85,2423.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e caused you to leave? We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2423.78,2428.945"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e all in fact, we also had a a home for the age. I asked for the yeah. There was a home for the age too. What caused us to leave May simple? It it it in nineteen forty five, it became after the war. It became obvious that, the the chances for for for for for for foreigners in in in in China would be very slim. Shanghai Chag, made a, made a statement after, short shortly before the end of the war, simply stating that he will not accept the sovereignty of of of central European Jews. He considered them foreigners, and he wanted them to lead. So in, a way soon after the end of the war, it it it it became obvious that we had to start a new life. Our our our dream was originally, knowing that that Europe was destroyed, that actually you you could make a living in in China again. The the the position of of the white man in in Asia before nineteen hundred and and thirty eight was a was a very good one, an outstanding one, they had a comparatively easy life. Money was easy to make if if you if you knew how to. And, their their social standing was it was somehow colonial countries, and and when you are on top like it when you're in your body, you don't. But, as I say, then it became obvious, Europe was out of question, being destroyed. Israel at that time was was not settled yet, like, country did not have independence. So, actually, what was left was either United States, Australia. And in the smattering here and smattering there, matter of fact some some Jews after a while, went back to Europe, because they simply figured, not knowing a foreign language, and maybe being too tired to start a new life, rather stay rather going back to to the old and and live there, three ship So I would say about twelve to fifteen hundred people went back to Europe, Germany and Austria. But, the United States, the the Australia did not take too many people. Eight hundred or a thousand the United States had a quota. The the quota was good for for German born and Austrian born. For many people that came from Poland or from from areas that prior to to nineteen hundred and, nineteen had belonged to Poland, which be part of of of posing, part of, Not the Ukraine. Yeah. Actually, Ukraine too. They they they they could not, they they could not come to this country. They had to wait for quite a while. Dad, well, we made up our mind a little bit late. We first wanted to go to Australia but then we made up our minds to to to to go to to come to the states. I had an uncle living in Cliff, Iowa, my my my second, my my brother. He was a chemist with Clinton Corn, and and he helped us to come over. And that's actually the reason that we settled in in in Des Moines having a relative at least fairly close? What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2428.945,2667.855"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e was your reason for coming to Des Moines? Because of your uncle and Clinton? To","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2667.855,2676.28"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e because of my uncle and Clinton for one, the other reason was simply that that my parents were a little bit, tired of living in in in a in a bigger town, Berlin, Shanghai, acrossmopolitan towns, too much hustle and bustle And the the idea of of living in a in a in a garden town in a in a in a place where you can have by your own home, have a little yard for yourself, was very appealing to them. Where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2676.52,2706.475"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e did you first live when you came to Des Moines? Oh,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2706.475,2709.85"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e our first home was the Micwa down on, fixed avenue where where the massive hospital is now. We stayed for a short time, Doctor. Goshinsky, and and and then actually vague soon after in in about after five months after coming to the mall, my parents bought a home on on twelve forty five thirteenth, matter of fact, the the the property is still in in in in our name. We we still own the property. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2710.15,2739.605"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e are you well received when you first came here? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2739.605,2744.07"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e Relatively. Let me put it this way. I have a feeling that the that the people of Des Moines at this time did not know what happened to us I think they they were a little bit awkward about it, and it was actually a little bit hard to to make the social contact we would have liked to. There were a number of of of European, people from from from from from from from Germany that had settled here, maybe ten families. And, naturally, we we we we kind of formed a, a clique group together with them. But some of left town. Some of them passed away. Some of them became a little bit older. And so and actually, the contacts where those people became a little bit loose. On on the other hand, we were able to get some of our relatives that had survived in Germany due to the fact that my my my aunt was married to a manager, they came over to this country, I sooner or later got married, and I, That's the way to message her. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2748.63,2832.15"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e the organization help you the first year you were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2832.15,2834.95"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e here? And the organization's definitely helped us. Although we made it clear from the way beginning that outside of of some some help advisors concerned or little financial help to give us a start. We did not want to take anything from them. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2834.95,2853.9"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e kind of work did you do at first? At","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2853.9,2856.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e first, I I used to work for, I'll speakinian wolf. You know, a a tire car tire out fit. It was actually more or less This is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2856.78,2896.205"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e side two of an interview with Warner Berg. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2896.845,2906.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e stopped up for as pertaining involved, and, I I rubbed to another two companies actually trying a job as a car mechanic. The the idea actually was, I could not find a job in my original field, which was, a rubber manufacturing or rubber chemistry and my parents simply saw it at best that I I would try to, find a trade which is commonly used in this country. But, for some reason, it was not up to my, to my liking, I did not have the the abilities for it, and and and and and I gave it up. I then took a job as Robinson Holson at this time, there were a a a wholesaler for, for sundries and sporting goods and toys, later on, they changed into a, a discount store. And, I brought myself up there and I became the signal search assistance of of of the company. Let","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2906.0,2972.3"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e me ask you. How how was your your English when you first came here? Outside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2972.3,2979.495"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e of speaking with with an accent, which I still have, I I went for a short time. First of all, we spoke English in China. So that's ten years of of English there. For a short time, I went to to an American university T in China. So, actually, I I I I had a fairly good knowledge of of, you know, she has. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2979.495,2998.855"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e was your health? My health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=2998.855,3001.095"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e was always excellent. Very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3001.095,3003.4"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e good. Tell me about your family here, when did you marry? I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3003.4,3014.665"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e got married in, nineteen fifty seven. In in, in April of, of, March twenty fourth in nineteen fifty seven. I met Esther, in in in in New York. And, we had a through a common friend, we had a fairly short, courtship, I proposed after after knowing her for for a week and after about six weeks or eight weeks as they came from from New York, to to Des Moines, we settled here. We got married, as I said, in April nineteen. Fifty seven. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3014.665,3060.505"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you have children? We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3060.505,3062.265"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e have two daughters. Age twenty two and and twenty. They're both going to to college and, to school in in Columbia, Missouri. What is graduating in in a month majoring in in journalism. The other one will go into the health field. She is two years younger. It will be another three years. Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3062.265,3084.63"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you send your children to Hebrew in Sunday school? I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3084.63,3087.91"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e sure did. But my my wife being a teacher at Wesley, initial for that. Warner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3087.91,3096.995"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e have you acquinded your children with the fact of your life in Germany in Shanghai, your life in general in the during the showa. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3097.135,3110.815"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e I I have. Maybe I never took the time of of giving it into so much of a detail as I'm doing it right now, but But here and there, you know, you speak of of this incident in your life. You speak of that relative. Yes. I'm pretty sure they have a fairly on it. Good information. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3110.815,3129.645"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e did they respond to this? Very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3129.645,3136.99"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e hard to say. At third craving a certain amount of of of of disbelief of what happened, that things are peculiar, probably giving them a strong feeling that since their parents and then parents have gone through so much for their beliefs, for their religion, that that this religion is dear to them that it means a lot to them that they should stick to them, not only probably not only for for sentiment reason, not only for reasons to please their parents ventilining for, for, for, for the religiously for stoneridge. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3136.99,3194.255"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e that way, you think it has affected them? It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3194.255,3196.655"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e definitely has affected them. It it it it, thanks their character, it's it's playing them as human beings. Are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3196.655,3207.43"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e most of your friends survivors of the show up? Or people who are not in the show up? We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3207.43,3217.805"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e have about, six or some families here that are either survivors or or at least one part of the family being a survivor. We also have a a fairly good number of American non Jewish friends which obviously have no connections to assure whatsoever, except what they have. Some papers for us. Have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3217.805,3248.215"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you ever told your non Jewish American friends about your experiences? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3248.215,3255.64"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e Definitely of the experiences, in in in in in China or in Germany, on a larger context in, more of a historical aspect, how much it influenced, the overall word situation, or on the other end also what we went through personally. Yes. Yes. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3259.94,3279.705"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e was their reaction? Disney.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3279.705,3287.085"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e Feeling very sorry, feeling very bad of of of being, and that this has been done by, by, by, by, by, and Germans, so they've filled up of guilt. But again, I have to say those associate with are those that feel for you. Both you do not associate with and don't know about you You cannot judge. Do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3289.08,3316.305"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you feel that American Jews understand what you went through? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3316.305,3326.36"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e Do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3328.82,3329.06"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you think they at least try to? They try to some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3329.06,3334.475"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e of them more, some of them less, but but many experiences in life unless you went through yourself. And that has not, not only holocaust, it could be a certain sickness. It could be, a good experience. You have to experience yourself to to really to really know what is good. I'm I'm thinking of of the the of the Indian program. You cannot judge, any other party unless you worked for thirty days in his moccasins. Do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3334.475,3366.46"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you have good relationship with American Jews who have not gone who have not had your experience. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3366.46,3376.88"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e I do not feel bitter about it that they don't understand me that much. No. I I I never had that feeling for any for any other people whatsoever because you don't understand me. I condemn you. I I don't understand them also. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3376.88,3392.775"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e has your How has a show off shaped your relationship with non Jewish with the non Jewish world? As a child, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3392.775,3408.405"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e used to to to to associate May freely with with with non Jews. I am now a little bit more reluctant. I always have a feeling Do you really know what is in his mind? What's what is he thinking? If that is not so much true with with with Americans, especially not in, you know, not in in this part because I I I have the feeling Iowans are are are very I frankly understand. Europeans, I'm, I'm very doubtful. I'm, for instance, a certain amount of of of Latin, immigrants came to to to this country, non Jews, glyphogies from from from communism. I did not like to associate Griffin. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3408.405,3463.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e do you feel about Germans and Germany? Till","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3463.78,3470.715"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e till, a few years ago, way reluctant. Up to a few years ago, I could not see a picture, a movie with Hitler in it. Today I can. Today, I can see it. I I can take it. I cannot take pictures of a concentration camp that naturally gets me off or anything close or anything when it says, a picture of when Jewish property is destroyed or getting pictures. But but but otherwise, I I I can I can take it? I can How do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3470.775,3505.555"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you feel toward the German people? The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3505.555,3508.035"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e German people, the certain resentment, yes, on the other hand, I I have a feeling that the that the German people are have changed. Many people did not even know living younger people did not know what happened and that that those people are are sorry. I had a feeling that the German government is definitely making stronger tins to to to wipe out and disseminate. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3508.035,3536.86"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e do you feel about American and Americans? Very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3536.86,3541.595"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e strongly. I'm for them. I'm I'm this is my country. Warner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3541.595,3545.935"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e are you receiving any restitution payments from Germany? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3545.995,3550.75"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e I did receive a a a two one one time settlements. One was simply for for my loss of education, and then another one, second one built, built up on that. But no no pensioners or no. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3550.75,3572.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e did you feel about getting those funds? Two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3572.02,3580.095"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e feelings. One was naturally the surprise element of getting suddenly some money, which you never had figured you would ever get, was a good feeling. On the other hand, what did I get it for? I had I got it for a lost education for for a lost for a lost chance for a lost life. So there was a a certain certain bitterness. I I got it for for property that my family has lost, I I I received my father received some relatives that have been killed. How do you feel about my mother? Have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3580.095,3620.76"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you ever personally encountered any anti Semitism in this country? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3620.76,3627.26"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e Not not actually so not so much on on on on on a person to person level. What happened six years ago was a very very peculiar city situation I I went through, happened to me in in Washington, at the Lincoln Memorial, at this time, the Russian I'm not sure which one it was at that time. Was visiting in, in the United States. He was, a a guest of the of the president of the United States. And at this time, a group of of Nazis was marching up and down the, at the at the Lincoln Memorial in Nazi uniform with the swastika with with with butter free has Heath was the, was the, one of the top German, Nazi, which was in prison. Rudolphoff","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3630.825,3701.65"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e has? Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3701.65,3702.13"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e Which was imprisoned in in Spannau. And at this time, those were, I was in my It was I was close to fifth. I was in my in my mid forties. Those were about eight or ten young men in the mid twentieth, they were trying this swastika. It wouldn't have been for Esther and the children. I would have attacked single handed, I would have attacked seven zero eight. I couldn't help it. Have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3702.13,3731.765"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you had any other experiences? Other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3731.765,3734.005"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e experiences? No. Not really. No. Once in a while you feel, you you you heard the thing while, while you're Jewish, a little some of your people may have done a little bit monkey business or so. But but as such, no, not not not No. Have you ever been to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3734.005,3755.96"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e Israel? No. I have not. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3755.96,3758.2"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e children have Esther has I have not. Would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3758.2,3761.495"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e you like to visit? I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3761.495,3762.695"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e definitely would. Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3762.695,3765.255"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e I hope you get a chance to do so. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3765.255,3767.495"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e hope that you And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3767.495,3768.295"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e thank you very I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3768.295,3769.89"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_1:\u003c/strong\u003e you forget that. Wonderful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3769.89,3771.19"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995/transcript/87319/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSPEAKER_0:\u003c/strong\u003e interview.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163713/file/297995#t=3772.13,3772.63"}]}]}]}