{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/vt1gh9dk54/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David Wolnerman-Originally on DVD.mp4"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/184/original/ijhs2_logo.png?1629814295","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Jeffrey Winter","David Wolnerman"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2024-01-20"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["David Wolnerman was 13 years old when the Nazis took him to a labor camp from his birthplace in Mondzejow, Poland, which was a town of approximately 10,000, half of whom were Jews. David recounts the antisemitism growing up, going from a labor camp to Auschwitz-Birkenau where he worked in the crematorium. He learned about the medical experiment performed at Auschwitz-Birkenau and contrived to be transferred. David speaks briefly of liberation, coming to America, and going into business with his brother-in-law."]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["MPEG-4"]}},{"label":{"en":["Keyword"]},"value":{"en":["Des Moines IA","Labor Camps","Gypsies","Dachau Concentration Camp","Grocery Businesses","Crematorium","Auschwitz-Birkenau","Family History","Poland","Immigrants","KZ Warschau","Antisemitism","Pressman","Jewish Federation","East Chicago IL","Immigration","Concentration Camps","Judenrat","Cleveland OH"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["TheirStory"]}}],"summary":{"en":["David Wolnerman was 13 years old when the Nazis took him to a labor camp from his birthplace in Mondzejow, Poland, which was a town of approximately 10,000, half of whom were Jews. David recounts the antisemitism growing up, going from a labor camp to Auschwitz-Birkenau where he worked in the crematorium. He learned about the medical experiment performed at Auschwitz-Birkenau and contrived to be transferred. David speaks briefly of liberation, coming to America, and going into business with his brother-in-law."]},"provider":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa Jewish Historical Society"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa Jewish Historical Society"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/184/original/ijhs2_logo.png?1629814295","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/297/998/small/open-uri20251201-428871-2qmv9j_1764604431.jpg?1764604432","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - open-uri20251201-428871-2qmv9j.mp4"]},"duration":3093.02636,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/297/998/small/open-uri20251201-428871-2qmv9j_1764604431.jpg?1764604432","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-jewishdesmoines.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/297/998/original/open-uri20251201-428871-2qmv9j.mp4?1764604429","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3093.02636,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["TheirStory Transcript (Paragraphs with Speakers) [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e My name is Dave Wolnerman born the date May 9 1927 Mondzejow, Poland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=30.28,41.1"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you tell us a little bit about your family life your brothers and sisters and what things were like when you were growing up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=43.12,52.16"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, we were four, and I had two brothers and two sisters. One sister's still alive. And I was very young, so I don't remember too much. I went to camp when I was 13 years old. And we lived together in a small town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=52.74,71.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Were your brothers and sisters older than you? Yes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=71.76,74.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e I was the youngest one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=74.18,75.56"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What did your parents do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=76.08,77.52"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e My father was, had a little business with bag, paper bags, potato bags and flour bags. Not too rich. Small business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=77.86,91.8"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of education did you receive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=93.7,95.72"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't receive too much education because I was too young. I only had five grade schools, five classes grade school finish. Because the war started in 1939. What kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=95.94,107.64"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e school did you go to? Just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=107.64,108.9"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e grade school, regular school. Public school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=108.9,112.62"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you receive any Jewish education?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=113.72,115.46"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e After school we went to the... ...Heide. And we got a little Jewish education as much as I could get in my age in the time He brought a little bit Jewish Devon and the regular things Because I was young yet, so I couldn't go to the regular yeshiva or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=115.64,149.44"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Otherwise you would have gone to Yeshiva?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=150.06,151.66"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e This I might. I don't know for sure if I would be able or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=151.88,156.3"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Was your family active in any Jewish organizations or Zionist organizations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=157.06,160.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a small town where I lived. So it wasn't too much activity over there. We went to the shul. It was a Jewish thing. Everything was closed on Shabbos and everything. We went to the shul and was a close family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=160.84,176.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e How many people lived in the town?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=177.04,178.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e In my town was maybe 250 Jewish families.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=179.06,182.58"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And how many people were there in all? The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=183.82,186.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e whole thing, maybe 5,000. It was half and half, almost.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=186.18,190.58"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e So did you have many non-Jewish friends?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=191.32,193.4"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Just in school, a few. Not too close, not too much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=194.06,197.22"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e How did things start to change when the Nazis came to power?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=200.74,204.94"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the Nazis took over everything. The antisemitic was big. And, you know, right after the Nazis took over, I went to camp. A few months later, they took me to camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=207.24,221.06"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Before you went to camp, in your town, were you able to play outside freely with Jews and non-Jews at any time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=223.86,233.06"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Mostly Jews stick together because it was antisemitic. The Polacks didn't like too much Jews. So we stayed by ourselves and we played by ourselves with our young, with our friends, Jewish friends. Very few Gentiles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=233.24,247.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Did your father serve in any army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=248.48,250.62"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know, I don't remember this, I don't know. Were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=252.74,255.32"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e your brothers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=255.32,255.98"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e My brother didn't. No, they didn't took him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=256.32,260.44"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e In the Polish army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=260.86,262.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Before the war, if you had a little more education than high school, you had to be a lieutenant or something, just like in the American army, if you got college education. So instead of taking a Jew to give him a lieutenant or something, they let him stay home. They didn't draft him. They didn't want to give him the rank. To be lieutenant or something like this. So they didn't... A high rank. A high rank. They didn't want to give him the high rank so they let him stay home. He didn't draft it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=262.2,293.5"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e So, there weren't a lot of Jews, at least not in your town, who went into the Polish army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=293.94,298.68"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Not too many. A few.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=298.86,300.58"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e The... Did you or your family experience antisemitism before the Hitler period? Of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=302.86,309.96"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e course.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=309.96,310.46"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you feel about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=310.9,311.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e it? Well, the boycott, they didn't let you, They didn't let the Polacks come shop. They used to go with tickets outside, don't buy by Jewish store, don't shop to buy a Jewish business or something like this. In school, you was a little bit... ...Intrigued. You feel, you feel the antisemitism in Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=311.78,339.44"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your first personal encounter with the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=340.9,345.74"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well I was too young and he took me right away to concentration camp. I mean, in the Arbeitskampf first. Labor camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=348.3,355.82"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there a night when everything changed or was it little by little? What happened to your brothers, sisters?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=356.26,362.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, first of all, he took my brother. A month before he took me. Who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=362.32,366.5"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e took your brother? The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=366.5,367.4"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Germans to the camp. So this changed already because he was the oldest one and we missed him right away How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=367.4,375.72"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e did they know where to find him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=375.72,377.46"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, because the Jewish people, it was a small town, and they knew right away, and they worked together with a few Polish people, and they showed, and they knew it, because it was a small town, he knew where the Jewish people lived. Was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=377.62,394.64"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e there a Judenrat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=394.64,395.34"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e There was a Judenrat too, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=396.6,398.44"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And were they asked to supply lists of names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=399.52,402.26"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Sometimes, yes, oh sure, of course.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=402.34,404.48"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e So they first came and they took your brother? They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=407.78,411.82"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e took my brother and later on I went because he told me, he told us if you go my mother can be home. So I didn't mind to go as long as I my mother can stay home. So I want to work I want to the labor camp. They started with a labor camp. My father passed away a happy year before the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=411.82,435.86"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And when they took you, first of all, were there any non-Jews who defied the Nazis, who did not cooperate with them and tried to help","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=438.9,452.86"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e you? Well, not that I know. No. I didn't have this experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=452.86,459.94"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell us what happened to you when they took you to the labor camp. Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=461.58,464.76"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e when they took me, I was 13 years old, he took me to the camp and I tried to work as much as I could just to survive. And we stayed in the labor camp for a year and he took us a nighttime on trucks. And we didn't know where. And finally we wind up to be in Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=464.76,482.38"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you do in the labor camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=483.28,485.1"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e I worked on the railroad, cleaning up, labor, just unloading trucks, unloading the carload from the railroad, the train materials. Most cement, sand, digging, all this kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=485.66,502.7"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e work. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=502.7,502.98"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e were with other not 13 year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=502.98,504.14"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e olds?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=504.14,504.64"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, no, with older ones. Wasn't too many 13 years old. I was lucky I was not so little. Not too tall, but not so little, so he took me for a little bit older, and I tried to work as much as I could to survive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=504.78,517.58"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What did they feed you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=518.559,519.9"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Just a piece of bread and a soup, a little black water and a shikari. There was no coffee. And that's it. And you tried to survive as much as you can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=520.84,533.16"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you helped by people during that year in the labor camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=535.42,538.22"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I didn't have this kind of experience. I was too young. I didn't know too many people. And we didn't have no connection with different people. It was all by itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=539.38,548.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e You were pretty much on your own in that camp? In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=548.22,550.32"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e the camp, just with the prisoners, concentration camp friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=550.32,554.28"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What was a typical day like there? Get up in the morning and go to work and come back at night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=555.04,560.28"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Nothing else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=561.02,561.94"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e How long did you have to work during the day?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=563.52,565.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e From daylight to night. Sometimes you had to get up at five o'clock in the morning, stay outside for an hour or two before you went to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=566.84,575.04"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Who were the guards?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=575.5,576.6"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e The guards that started out the labor camp was Germans. And later I experienced, in the last years before the war was over, I had Lithuanian guards, Ukrainian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=577.54,590.52"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were in the labor camp, how were the work conditions? Was there a lot of suffering in the camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=595.0,602.62"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Of course, lots of suffering. As a matter of fact, I even went through, I had typhus in camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=602.72,608.54"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you treated in a hospital?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=611.84,613.5"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e No, just lucky, no. We had some quarantine, what they lay over there, and if you got up, you got up. And if not, you was... They throw you in the crematorium. She was lucky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=613.52,625.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the name of the camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=625.44,626.98"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e This was in Warsaw, in Warsaw. After, they sent me from Auschwitz to Warsaw, after they bombed the ghetto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=627.04,634.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, I thought you went to a labor camp first.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=634.9,636.98"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Before. Later they sent me to Auschwitz. From Auschwitz, they sent me to Warsaw. And I worked over there after they bombed the ghetto for a few, a couple years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=637.08,647.22"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e You said, in what year did they take you first to the labor camp? To","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=649.12,652.64"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e the labor camp they took me in 1939, 1940.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=652.64,656.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And at that time were most of the Jews evacuated from your town?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=657.56,661.5"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Some, for labor camps, and they still had some ghettos, but I wasn't because this was after I left. They put later on the people in the ghettos. Because I went in right after the war, right after the Germans took over. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=662.04,676.82"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Did many people survive from your town? Not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=679.08,681.42"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e too many. Very few.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=681.42,683.16"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What eventually happened to your mother?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=684.84,686.54"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e What I understand, my mother, they took from the ghetto, they took them to Auschwitz, because she was 47 years old at the time. And they didn't even bother to take her to the camp to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=687.66,702.68"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e After your transfer to Auschwitz, tell us what happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=705.24,710.58"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I stayed in Auschwitz and I worked for a while. And I saw that they took me one time to work where the gas chamber was there, in the crematorium. And I didn't know it because I was young. So I met a friend of my brother's friend, an older fella, and he told me he just left barrack eight. The barrack eight was over there where they took","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=711.42,737.22"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e experiments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=741.72,742.22"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e And they did on him, they castrated him. How did I say this? Is it right thing? And I didn't understand what it was. Because I was young. I didn't have the experience of this castration. So he told me in different language. He showed me and everything. So I got scared. And I come back from work and I told my friends who I want in the labor camp, before I went to Auschwitz. And I knew of some. And I told him who I met. And I told him the experience what I went through. And he told me what he did to him. So we all got together. And we said, we have to try to get out from Auschwitz. So happened, we need a transport to Warsaw. They tried to take to Warsaw, they tried to take Jews from Holland, Belgium, who didn't speak Polish, because they were afraid. If you speak Polish, you might run away or something. And I was, and I'm from Poland, and I speak Polish. But we had to take it because we didn't have enough Jews from Belgium, French, and Holland. So we were lucky we went to Warsaw. Of course the camp wasn't so good over there. But we left Auschwitz and we stayed in Warsaw. We worked in Warsaw. I stayed over there almost two years. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=743.18,824.48"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e long were you in Auschwitz? In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=824.48,825.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Auschwitz I was maybe a year, not quite, in Birkenau.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=825.78,828.3"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were in Auschwitz, what was a typical day like there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=830.9,837.94"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e You get up early in the morning. If you didn't go to work, you stayed outside for all day in the line. And most of the time you worked. Because I was a young kid, I didn't know nothing else. I mean, I didn't have no experience in something. So I used to clean up. Or they took me over there where the crematorium was to clean up. All this kind of stuff over there, just labor work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=840.22,869.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e You had to clean up bodies?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=870.66,872.8"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Sometimes bodies thrown away, or so all kinds of bodies piled up. You had to take off the shoes sometimes for them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=873.4,881.88"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e You were 14?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=884.54,885.32"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e That time was almost 14, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=886.02,888.2"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you, you were there for a full year, so you were able to live through a winter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=891.9,897.06"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Happened right when the winter start, we went to Warsaw.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=898.68,902.34"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there any people that helped you when you were in Auschwitz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=906.88,910.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e No. I didn't know nobody. Was too young. And with young kids, they didn't play around too much. They didn't try to help too much because he was too young.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=912.5,922.16"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you, how was it that you were able to get on this work group that got transferred back to Warsaw?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=927.54,934.94"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e It just happened they needed it. How did you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=935.34,938.36"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e know that they needed it and were able to be at the right place? Because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=938.36,941.14"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e we had in that field, they said that they need some people to go to Warsaw. So, we knew, I saw my brother's friend, what's happened to him, so we got scared. We thought this could happen to everybody like this, so we figured let's get out from Auschwitz first. And we were just lucky, They took us. The group that I was with from the labor camp, with some friends from my hometown. And we all went to Warsaw.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=941.14,969.24"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were there, did you ever, was there any celebration of Jewish holidays?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=970.84,976.26"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e You knew when the holiday was there, I mean, you know. But no celebration, except maybe a little service you did after you come from work. Because I was the youngest one, but the older people, they keep up a little bit, the celebration, like Rosh Hashanah Yom Kippur or something like this but you worked I mean you didn't stay home just a little soup a piece of bread that's all just make it just the barely to make it in Warsaw and now it's Just from the people from my hometown who I went to camp from home, who survived. So I saw a few.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=977.72,1024.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you ever hear the orchestra playing there? Yes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1025.92,1028.859"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e this is the orchestra when you come to, this was in Bergen-Belsen. The minute when you walked in to the door, the orchestra play. The orchestra play twice a day, going to work and coming from work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1028.859,1041.4"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e They played, this was an orchestra made of Jewish people? Jewish,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1043.94,1047.52"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1047.52,1048.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What were your feelings when you were in there, when you were a teenager? You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1052.9,1058.24"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e didn't have no feelings. You just were surviving, you were just living. You didn't think about surviving, this is no question. Nobody from us, from our age or something, thought that you would be free someday. You just live day to day, in hoping you get a piece of bread from somebody or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1058.24,1076.96"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you think you managed to survive through those first two years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1080.18,1083.46"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Just lucky. And believing in God. That's all. How, I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1083.84,1090.32"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell us about Your transport to Warsaw and what happened there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1093.66,1098.72"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e The transport to Warsaw was going with a railroad. They put in 100, 200 cows or something like this. And it took you a few days. It wasn't too good but what could you do? You had no choice and when we come to Warsaw, it was a new camp, It was very bad because no water, everything was bombed from the... Because we bombed the ghetto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1098.9,1130.7"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What year was this? This","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1131.18,1132.28"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e was 1942, 43. We bombed the ghetto and everything, so we had to clean up. So there was no water, was no... Nothing too much, we had to fix it up, We had to do it. We had to build it by ourselves, everybody. It wasn't too good. It wasn't clean. Because you couldn't keep clean. You didn't have no water too much. You didn't have no running water at all. And for a while, and this is what happened, we got to be too much, you know, sickness, lice from dirt. And we got to be sick and we got, everybody got typhus over there from the lice, flat fever. And lots of people died. Lots of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1132.28,1180.22"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were in Auschwitz, did you sleep in the barracks? Did you see the pictures? We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1181.32,1185.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e slept in the barracks. They used to call them horses. 500 in a barrack. On the floor, one, two, three layers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1185.78,1197.08"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Just a piece of wood? A","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1198.48,1199.64"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e piece of wood, That's all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1199.64,1201.08"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have people sleeping right next to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1201.12,1202.8"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e you? Right next to you. It was aligned one to the other one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1202.8,1206.14"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were transferred to Warsaw, what were the sleeping conditions like there? In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1208.8,1213.14"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Warsaw, it was smaller barracks. And you had your own little corner. It was 30, 40, 50, it depends how much in a room, how big.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1213.14,1225.66"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it all Jewish people then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1227.34,1228.98"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e You had Jewish people, but the kapos was non-Jewish. They were the beruf febrehe, they call, the gangsters or something, or the safe crackers, or against Hitler a little bit or something. But they are very bad, They were very, very bad. They weren't good at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1229.44,1248.74"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there ever a kind woman that helped?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1250.5,1252.28"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e No, not that I know. I didn't have the experience that somebody helped. I mean, something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1252.96,1258.76"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were in Auschwitz, were there prisoners that were non-Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1261.06,1266.68"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the Jews were separated from the non-Jews. I saw next to the barracks were gypsies. But the Jews were separated from the gypsies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1268.0,1279.4"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you treated differently?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1280.46,1281.64"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e This I don't know if we were better treated or not, or if we were better treated. Nobody was really as good over there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1282.38,1288.6"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And then when you were in the, what do you call it, a work camp in Warsaw?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1289.7,1294.34"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e In Warsaw was on a work camp, yes. It was a, this was a division of Auschwitz. It was a concentration camp already, The co-concentration camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1294.66,1307.66"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Did it have another name or was it just...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1308.66,1310.64"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Warsaw Ghetto. Warsaw. Warsaw. No, it was nothing. No name. Concentration camp of Warsaw. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1310.86,1316.76"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e you came in to clean up after the ghetto uprising? Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1316.76,1319.94"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e After the bomb.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1320.74,1321.74"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were there, you were there for about two years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1324.16,1328.26"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Close to two years, not quite two years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1328.56,1330.42"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And what was your day like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1331.68,1335.86"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e We cleaned up, we broke up the buildings which were half broken already, half bombed to clean up. We must clean up jobs. Only to clean up jobs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1337.78,1347.54"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there any kind of organization among the people who were there to teach the children or to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1349.18,1359.5"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e help the children? No, nothing. You couldn't even tell them you were so young. You had to lie the age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1359.78,1366.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What would have happened if they had known?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1368.0,1369.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e They probably would have sent you to the gas chamber or something. He was afraid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1373.1,1377.08"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When did you first learn about the mass extermination that was going on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1378.08,1382.46"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e You didn't learn too much when you was in camp. You didn't have the know-how, how to find out. You was thinking and just putting one and one together, but you didn't know exactly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1385.14,1399.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you saw work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1402.12,1403.24"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I never knew Auschwitz till I was in Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1403.8,1407.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you first got there, were you at a transport when they said left and right? Yes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1408.08,1412.06"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e everybody who comes to Birkenau have to go through left and right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1412.18,1416.14"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Who made the selection?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1417.36,1418.46"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e This was Mangalore. Mangalore. He did it himself, Always. And this is how they gave me the tattoo on my arm, in Birkenau.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1419.4,1430.04"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were there, you eventually did find out, though, that there was...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1433.36,1438.58"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Because I saw it. I saw it over the piles. And I saw the smoke coming, and I worked over there. He told me this is the crematorium and this is the guest chamber.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1438.66,1447.76"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e You smelled it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1448.04,1449.44"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e The smell, but I didn't pay attention. I didn't know what the smell is. I was too young to find to know the difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1450.36,1456.62"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were in Warsaw, did most of the people who were with you survive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1458.32,1463.4"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Not too many, because the typhus killed lots of people. I think from a few thousand, maybe 1,000 survived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1464.14,1472.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What did they do with the bodies?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1473.42,1475.28"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e They burned it over there. They didn't have a crematorium. They burned it right on the field over there. Because Warsaw wasn't so big, organized to have a crematorium and so on. So they burned it outside. Every day they used to take on the wagons and they burned it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1476.02,1494.36"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When the liberation was coming close, Did you know it? Were you hearing rumors?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1495.32,1502.46"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, when I was in Warsaw, when the Russians come closer to occupy Poland, they transfer us to Dachau. And from Dachau, this was in 1944. So they took us to a small camp from Dachau in Mühldorf, a small town not too far away from Dachau. And we worked over there. On the ground, they were building something for the airplanes. I mean, bunkers, they call. Okay. When the American was coming closer to the end of the war, they took us back to Dachau and they put us on the railroad. And we were going day in and day out, up to the Alps and back, up and back, till the Americans, we knew something was going on already because we didn't work. But we didn't know who was coming, how was coming, American or not American. And finally, an American soldier took over and the SS ran away from them. And we knew we were free. But how much free? We were too, I was too young, I didn't understand too much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1503.28,1575.8"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e By this time you were about 17?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1576.12,1577.9"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e I was 18.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1578.24,1579.18"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were liberated, were there still some Nazis around? Did the Americans give you some time to take revenge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1581.04,1590.04"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't have this experience. I didn't know it. They didn't do that. And we were looking for food, and the American soldiers give us lots of food. And the food was very good, but this didn't do us good too much. We got sick. We used to get the diarrhea and everything because we wasn't used to this kind of food. They used to give us the canned food with the meat and everything and we eat it because we were hungry. And this wasn't good. So most of us were sick for a few days. Some of them even, lots of thousands of thousands, what I understand, died after the war from them, from eating this kind of stuff, because we didn't know it. And we didn't have nothing else, and we were glad we got something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1591.72,1638.14"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there, when you were at these camps, were there ever times when they took people and made an example of them for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1642.2,1650.92"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, they did every time. They took out people, older ones or who was a little bit sick and they sent them away. We didn't know where, but later on we found out they sent them to Auschwitz from different camps to the guest chamber. He couldn't work anymore or he didn't look so good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1651.32,1669.1"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they have to make you stand out in the cold?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1671.1,1673.82"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, every day you had to stand up an hour before you went to work. The appeal hour. And they count if everybody's there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1674.22,1682.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And what if somebody moved while they were standing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1684.02,1686.54"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e They give you a... They hit you over the head. You have to stay the right place, the way they want you to stay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1688.2,1697.7"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were liberated, where did you go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1700.22,1702.38"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e I was liberated close by Munich. This was in Fellafing, in a camp. So I was looking to get some food from the American soldiers. So we saw a jeep, an open jeep. This was in April 28. 19? 1945. So we were five kids together, five friends, young ones together. And we saw on the jeep was lots of food over there. We went right straight to the jeep and we were grabbing the food. And we were in the straight uniforms. And they didn't know who we are. So when we took all the stuff, you know, the can stop, the K-rations and all the stuff, we took it. So the captain or the general who was there stopped the whole thing. And he come to us with guns and he took the stuff away. Because he didn't know who we are. So we start to talk one Polish, Jewish, and I was with a few Hungarians. And everybody his own language start to be mad at them, because of something. So one fellow over there, a soldier was a Jewish soldier. And he has some Jewish words. So he come to us and ask us who we are. So we told him. He say, I'm Hungarian. This one say I'm Polish, and this one say I'm Lithuanian. So he say, now when I say he's Jewish, he say, you Jewish? How do I know you Jewish? So he say to us, I say, well, we speak Jewish. He say, well, so he took out a high. He was wearing a high. And he said, read it. And he had on the high was Shaddai. So we told him. So he said, I'm coming from Austria. This is the first ones I met, the first Jew I met. So he called the general and told them about this and this and this. So he give us all the food back and everything. And this, and he told us to go about 10 kilometer back, Because this was occupied for two days already. So you see over there is no more fighting, if it's case, you know, it's occupied already. So we went maybe 20 miles, 20 kilometers past Munich. And we stayed in a small town over there, all five of us. And we stayed for quite a few years, till 1949, 50.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1702.76,1855.86"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the name of the?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1857.26,1858.6"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Bissen and Amreuse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1858.68,1859.88"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e This is where you met your wife?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1860.82,1862.42"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e And I met my wife and we got married over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1862.5,1864.34"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e there in this town. But it wasn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1864.34,1865.98"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e too far from Munich. It was about 50 kilometers away from Munich. We used to take the train, we used to go to Munich, Pfellerfing, Landsberg was there. It was two big DP camps over there. Landsberg and Pfellerfing. Not too far away. Five miles, either one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1865.98,1881.0"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you find any members of your family after the liberation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1881.82,1884.94"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e I found a cousin after And he told me he's going to Poland. He heard my sister's alive in Poland. So he went to Poland and he brought my sister. And she live in Chicago, Indiana.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1885.44,1903.16"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e How did your sister manage?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1903.78,1906.3"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e She was in camp too. And she was in Czechoslovakian camp in Germany, in Schlesien over there, close by the German border. And she was closer to Poland, so she went back to Poland. She thought maybe somebody would come or something. So he brought my sister back to us over here to Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1906.72,1931.26"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Then how is it that you in 1945 or by this time now 1950-51 how is it that you decided to go to the United States as opposed to, say, Poland or Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1932.88,1947.38"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, Poland I didn't want to go back, because I didn't have nothing in Poland anymore. I lost the whole family, I was used to go back to Poland. In Poland wasn't such a good place to live anyway. The antisemitism was big, very bad, so why go back to Poland? So I had one choice, to go to Israel or to go to America. So I was ready to go to Israel. And something happened in Tel Aviv, got late or the truck got lost or something, so it happened I didn't go. So I registered to go to America, and I went to America. I stayed to Israel. With my wife, I got married already.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1947.4,1988.5"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there any time in the late 1930s before the Germans took over that you tried to get out of Poland or go to Israel? I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=1993.34,2002.74"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e was too young.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2002.74,2003.64"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e That your family tried to get you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2003.68,2005.12"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e out? We wasn't too rich that we had money to get out or something. We wasn't rich people. So we couldn't go even if I wanted to, we wanted, we didn't have the money to go or something. And I don't think so, was that we could have go. If you didn't have the money, how could you go? Where could you go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2005.12,2023.68"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it when the Germans took over, was it a total shock to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2025.04,2028.84"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Of course. But we knew it because we were ready. The evil would take it over any day now. Poland wasn't strong enough to fight the Germans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2030.28,2040.86"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What happened to your family's house and belongings?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2042.36,2045.62"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e It's probably there. I never went back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2046.88,2048.9"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Your sister?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2049.719,2050.42"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e No. My sister stayed for a while, but she didn't do nothing. She come back. She was young, too. She's only a year older than I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2050.58,2057.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e So you just abandoned everything? Abandoned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2058.699,2060.52"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e everything. We still got lots of property, I mean, for my grandpa and this. But, still there, but we don't pay attention to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2060.52,2072.78"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e After all the things you went through during these years, how is it, what is your feeling about your own Jewishness and religion?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2076.54,2088.179"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I was, after the war, met lots of people. And we were talking about this. Some people say, how could God see what's going on? How can you believe? Well, Some of them quit believing. I was too young and I started to believe. I say, if I wouldn't believe in God or something, maybe I wouldn't be alive. So you've got two different kinds of people. Some people quit believing who used to believe, because what happened to it? And maybe, to me, it makes me a stronger believer. If I wouldn't believe, maybe I wouldn't be alive. This is the only thing I could figure out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2090.659,2129.24"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e What have you tried to explain to your children about this and how have you tried to explain it to them in such a way, how do you want them to understand what happened to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2131.4,2141.66"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e It's very hard to understand and it's very hard to believe if you don't go through yourself. Because everybody will ask you the same question, how are you alive if everything was so well like you see and everything, you're still alive. Happen, Lucky, believing in God, and most luck, nothing else. And it's not so easy for people who didn't go through to believe. We're hoping, but it's very hard to believe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2144.68,2177.06"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you tell your children the stories?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2179.54,2182.7"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I told them just occasionally. I don't sit down and tell them because I don't have so much time. I could have told them for years, every day or something else. But he knows, he knows the stories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2182.9,2195.04"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e When you came to America, were there Jewish organizations which helped you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2199.4,2204.56"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e When I come to America, the Jewish Federation brought me over here, because I don't have no family in America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2205.04,2209.58"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e They brought you over in a boat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2210.38,2211.76"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Yes. And I went to Cleveland. And they treated us very nice. Not that I needed it. After one week, I found myself a job, because right after the war in Germany, I tried to get something to work. So I went to a friend of mine, he had a printing shop and I tried to learn my profession a little bit. So if I come to America or go to Israel or something, I know what to do something. So I was a pressman. So when I come to Cleveland, I want, and I used to belong to the union in Germany, the union press, printing union. So I had the union card and everything, so when I come to this country, I went to the union shop in Cleveland and I found a job right away. They gave me a job right away. After one week, of course the Jewish Federation put me up to some family, they gave me a room. They treated us very nice, but I tried to be on my own right away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2213.82,2274.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And what brought you to Des Moines?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2277.34,2280.52"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Des Moines, I had two kids over here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2281.02,2283.02"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e How many years were you in Cleveland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2283.06,2284.66"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e I was in Cleveland a year and a half. And later I moved to Ishika, to Gary, Indiana. And I opened a store in Gary, Indiana. I wasn't in the grocery business. You got out of printing? I got out from the printing. Because my sister lived in Gary. And we wanted to be together. With a few people we had. I only had one sister and I opened my brother loan myself. We opened a store And we stayed for 30 years in the grocery business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2284.7,2317.66"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell us a little about your feelings of trust for people, given what has happened to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2319.72,2327.96"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Some people you have to trust. Some people you cannot trust. But all together, you should have to try to trust people somehow. Because how could you live with not trusting some people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2330.14,2346.3"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e So this is what you want to teach to your children? I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2347.36,2349.44"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e think so. Graduates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2349.44,2350.46"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2350.46,2350.96"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. The last question I'd like to ask you is the, when you are with your friends and from talking with you, I know that when you were in Gary and in Cleveland and here, many of your friends have been survivors. Do you feel that when you are with survivors, even if you're not talking about those times, the horrible times in the late 30s and the early 40s, feel a certain bond with them, a certain closeness with them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2352.56,2386.06"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I feel close because I went through the same thing what he went through. So this is the only thing I feel close. The rest is people, it depends on the person. But sure you feel closer to this kind of people if you know he went through the same thing I went through maybe different experience or something because in case you do have a time you talk something You know what he went through, I went through. So we are the same thing. But the rest depends on the people, on the person himself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2387.46,2426.46"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e And do you feel that your fellow survivors and that people who know about this time in history have done enough to teach other people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2428.9,2438.96"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Not everybody is able to teach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2440.76,2442.68"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e But you do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2443.04,2443.82"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure I do, but not everybody is able to teach, not everybody is able to tell the stories. Some of them yes and some of them cannot. They got lots of stories to tell but they don't know how to say it. It's very hard for them to say it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2444.66,2460.52"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJeffrey Winter:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2464.52,2465.5"},{"id":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998/transcript/87322/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Wolnerman:\u003c/strong\u003e You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://ijhs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1537/collection_resources/163716/file/297998#t=2465.74,2466.48"}]}]}]}